手臂動作對足球踢球表現的影響

Abstract

目的：為增進足球踢球技術，本研究經由運動學和動力學分析，瞭解手臂擺動是否能增進踢球表現，期能提升踢球技巧。方法：受試者為22位大學足球員 (一級選手11位，年齡: 22.2 ± 3.1歲，身高 172.5 ± 6.7，體重 70.4 ± 13.9 kg，球齡 10.4 ± 3.2 年；二級選手11位，年齡: 25.2 ± 3.1歲，身高 173.4 ± 4.3 cm，體重 69.8 ± 9.9 kg，球齡 7.0 ± 3.1年)，經由10台高速攝影機的Vicon動作分析系統 (200 Hz) 拍攝擺臂和不擺臂踢球動作，以Kistler測力板 (1000 Hz) 測量地面反作用力，Noraxon無線肌電訊號系統 (1500 Hz) 收集與分析肌電訊號，Visual3D分析力學參數。統計以二因子變異數分析和t檢定瞭解擺臂動作與層級對球速、肢段線運動速度、關節角度、下肢動力鏈與足底壓力面積，以及對肌肉活化程度是否有影響，顯著性考驗為 α = .05。結果：一級選手擺臂踢球之球速較快，為 27.2 ± 2.2 m/s，不擺臂為 24.4 ± 1.9 m/s。二級選手的球速不受擺臂影響，擺臂為 21.2 ± 1.9 m/s，不擺臂為 20.2 ± 2.2 m/s。一級選手擺臂踢球時，下肢關節活動角度較大、肢段線運動速度與角速度較高。一級與二級選手擺臂踢球時，支撐腳側傾角度皆較大，在動力鏈中大腿加速的時間較長；擺臂不影響下肢肌肉活化程度，但一級選手不擺臂時外側廣肌會提早活化。結論：擺臂幫助支撐腳傾斜，使下肢有更好的踢球空間增進肢段速度與角速度，一級選手經由擺臂能提昇球速，但擺臂未能增加二級選手之球速，二級選手能經由增加小腿的下擺增進球速。一級選手不擺臂時，大腿向後上擺空間較小，外側廣肌提前活化使膝關節外轉幫助小腿向後上擺至預備下擺踢球之位置。Purpose: To improve kicking performance. This study analyzed the differences in kinematics and kinetics to understand the effects of arm movement on kicking. Method: Twenty-two male soccer players were recruited in this study (11 subjects in the first division, age: 22.2 ± 3.1, height: 172.5 ± 6.7, mass: 70.4 ± 13.9 kg, experience: 10.4 ± 3.2 years; 11 subjects in the second division, age: 25.2 ± 3.1, height: 173.4 ± 4.3 cm, mass: 69.8 ± 9.9 kg, experience: 7.0 ± 3.1 years). Vicon high-speed cameras (200 Hz) were used to capture 3D kicking motion. A Kistler force plate (1000 Hz) was used to measure ground reaction force. The Noraxon wireless electromyography system (1500 Hz) was used to acquire and measure surface muscle activity. Visual3D software was used to calculate the biomechanical parameters. Two-way ANOVA and t-tests were used to compare the ball velocity, segment linear velocity, joint angle, angular velocity, kinetics chain, area of center of pressure, and muscle activity between two kicking conditions and divisions. The statistical significance was set at α = .05. Result: Greater ball velocity was found in kicking with arm swing in first division players. The velocity was 27.2 ± 2.2 m/s and 24.4 ± 1.9 m/s with and without arm swing, respectively. No difference in ball velocity was found in second division players. The ball velocity was 21.2 ± 1.9 m/s and 20.2 ± 2.2 m/s with and without arm swing, respectively. Greater segment linear velocity, angular velocity, and range of motion were found in first division players when kicking with arm swing. Both first and second division players had a greater lean angle on the supporting foot and a longer time of thigh acceleration in the kinetics chain when kicking with arm swing. Muscle activity was similar between the two kicking conditions, but earlier onset of vastus lateralis activity was observed when kicking with arm swing in first division players. Conclusion: Arm swing increased the lean angle in the supporting leg, and provided better space for increasing segment velocity and angular velocity in the kicking leg. Ball velocity was improved by arm swing in first division players but not in second division players. Second division players can increase shank extension to improve ball velocity. When first division players kicked without arm awing, the thigh had less extension and the onset of vastus lateralis activity was earlier to assist knee external rotation and flexion in the kicking position.