中國閩南、閩西與粵東地區基層行政區名之分析

Abstract

行政區名是其中最能展現地方背景的地名之一，越基層的行政區名，越貼近當地環境特色。本研究透過空間和人地傳統觀點，運用類大數據的研究概念，將地名統計轉換成百分比，對臺灣漢族原鄉閩粵地區的村級行政區名進行分析。本文將地名分為人文、自然、修飾與複合地名三大類，研究發現，其中73.53%歸為人文類，可見人文因素為主要命名途徑；第二層級分類的地形類以41.55%占比最高，第三層級分類的陸地地形占23.52%，水文相關地形占18.03%，相對方位占17.46%，吉言佳字占15.38%。人文類地名以汕頭市占比最高，梅州市最低；自然類以揭陽市最高，廈門市最低。福建省地名以宗族、陸地地形類和複合地名比例較高；廣東省以民族、水文相關地形、羅盤方位和時間類比例較高。閩語區的人文、宗族、方位指示類地名比例較高，客語區則以宗族中的姓氏類及複合地名比例較高。研究發現地名用字的轉化現象，如「墓」轉作「茂」，「垵」轉作「安」，「象」轉作「上」，「虎」轉作「富」，「下」轉作「霞／華／廈／夏」等；也檢驗了具區域和族群辨識效果的用字，如「厝」、「宅」、「邦」、「房」、「崙」等多用於閩語區，「屋」、「坊」等則多用於客語區，可用以判斷地名所屬的族群範圍，稱作有標地名詞，並製作地名分布地圖將數據可視化，揭示地名使用的空間與歷史變遷。本研究旨在獲取閩粵地區的地名命名精髓，未來能與臺灣地名做對比，找出從原鄉延續的命名脈絡，並調整部分臺灣地名分析中以偏概全的謬誤，掌握命名的本意。地名是認識土地的金鑰，理解地名背景與地方發展脈絡，進而認同與珍惜土地。Administrative division names are among the toponyms which reflect local characteristics the most. The lower the division level is, the closer its name is to the local characteristics. This study employs spatial and man-land traditional perspectives, using big data-like research concepts to convert toponyms statistics into percentages, analyzing village level division names in Fujian and Guangdong, the urheimat of Han Taiwanese.The study classifies toponyms into three major categories: Anthro, Physical, and Descriptive/Composite toponyms. Of all the toponyms, 73.53% are categorized as Anthro, indicating that human factors are the main factors in naming. Among secondary categories, Topography accounts for the highest proportion at 41.55%. Tertiary categories include Landforms (23.52%), Hydro Landforms (18.03%), Relative Direction (17.46%), and Auspicious Words (15.38%). Shantou City has the highest proportion of Anthro toponyms, while Meizhou City has the lowest. Jieyang City has the highest proportion of Physical toponyms, while Xiamen City has the lowest. Fujian has a higher proportion of Lineage, Landform, and Composite toponyms, while Guangdong has a higher proportion of Ethnic, Hydro Landforms, Cardinal Direction, and Time toponyms. Min dialect areas have higher proportions of Anthro, Lineage, and Direction toponyms, while Hakka dialect areas have higher proportions of Surname and Composite toponyms.The study identifies transformations in toponym characters, such as ‘墓’ to ‘茂’, ‘垵’ to ‘安’, ‘象’ to ‘上’, and ‘虎’ to ‘富’, as well as ‘下’ to ‘霞/華/廈/夏’. It also examines characters with regional and ethnic identification effects, such as ‘厝’, ‘宅’, ‘邦’, ‘房’, and ‘崙’ commonly used in Min dialect areas, and ‘屋’ and ‘坊’ in Hakka dialect areas. These terms, termed ‘Marked Toponym Terms,’ help identifying the ethnic range where they are. These toponyms have been visualized on distribution maps, revealing spatial and historical changes.This study aims to capture the essence of place naming in Fujian and Guangdong regions, enabling future comparisons with Taiwanese toponyms to identify the naming patterns inherited from urheimat and correct misconceptions in Taiwanese toponyms analysis. Understanding the background of toponyms helps in appreciating local development contexts, fostering recognition and appreciation of the land.