高年級大學生父母教養態度、基本心理需求、生涯準備動機與生涯定向之關係研究
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2015
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本研究依據自我決定理論之「社會情境→心理中介→動機型態→結果」動機研究模式，提出以父母教養態度為獨變項、基本心理需求與生涯準備動機為中介變項、生涯定向為依變項的假設模式。以高年級大學生為樣本，探討各變項之間的關係。其中父母教養態度可分為關懷與過度保護兩因素；基本心理需求有自主感、能力感與聯繫感三因素；生涯準備動機有整合調節、認同調節、內攝調節與外部調節四因素，其中整合調節與認同調節可視為自主性動機，內攝調節與外部調節可視為控制性動機；生涯定向則可分為生涯確定與生涯滿意兩因素。
基於研究目的，本研究提出假設如下：一、不同人口背景變項之大學生在父母教養態度、基本心理需求、生涯準備動機與生涯定向各變項之間具有差異。二、研究提出之假設模式可獲得支持，並可有效解釋變項之間的關係。三、父母教養態度、基本心理需求、生涯準備動機與生涯定向之間，具有中介關係。
研究以自陳式問卷收集資料，採便利取樣進行抽樣，收集得967份有效樣本。使用之研究工具有雙親教養態度量表、基本心理需求量表—一般版、生涯準備動機量表及生涯定向量表。後續以多變量變異數分析、Pearson積差相關與結構方程模式進行統計考驗。研究結果如下：
一、不同人口背景變項的高年級大學生在父母教養態度、基本心理需求滿足、生涯準備動機與生涯定向上有差異。
1.性別在關懷總分、父親關懷、聯繫感、自主性動機、整合調節、認同調節及外部調節上有顯著差異。
2.年級在母親關懷、母親過度保護、自主感、生涯定向、生涯確定及生涯滿意上有顯著差異。
3.學院在過度保護總分、父親過度保護、母親過度保護、自主性動機、整合調節、認同調節、生涯定向與生涯確定上有顯著差異。
4.不同經濟狀況在關懷總分、父親關懷、母親關懷、過度保護總分、母親過度保護、基本心理需求總分、自主感、能力感、聯繫感、自主性動機、整合調節、認同調節、生涯定向與生涯確定上有顯著差異。
5.不同生涯求助經驗在父親過度保護、自主性動機、整合調節、認同調節、生涯定向與生涯確定上有顯著差異。
二、本研究提出之假設模式獲得支持。
三、各變項間具有中介關係：
1.透過基本心理需求之完全中介，關懷對生涯定向有正向影響。
2.透過基本心理需求之完全中介，關懷對自主性動機有正向影響。
3.透過基本心理需求與自主性動機之完全中介，關懷對生涯定向有正向影響。
4.透過基本心理需求之部分中介，過度保護對生涯定向有負向影響。
5.透過控制性動機之部分中介，過度保護對生涯定向有負向影響。
6.透過基本心理需求與自主性動機之部分中介，過度保護對生涯定向有負向影響。
7.透過自主性動機之部分中介，基本心理需求對自主性動機有正向影響。
整體結果呈現，當父母的教養態度以關懷為主時，個體的基本心理需求較滿足，並能促使個體發展出偏向自主的生涯準備動機，達成明確的生涯定向；而當父母的教養態度偏向過度保護、控制與涉入時，對個體的基本心理需求滿足有負面的影響，在進行生涯準備時亦較偏向被動的控制性動機，進而對生涯定向有負向的影響。
最後依據研究結果，提出建議供實務工作者及未來相關研究者參考。
The purpose of this study was to propose and test a model of career decicion based on self-determination theory. This model posits that parenting attitudes predicted career decision through basic psychological needs and motivation of career preparation. This study adopted a questionnaire survey and convenience sampling. 4 self-report questionnaires were used, including chinese version of parental bonding instrument, basic psychological needs scale in general, types of motivation scale for career preparation and career decision scale. Participants were 967 higher grades college students. All the collected data were respectively analyzed by MANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, and SEM. Results as follows: 1.Different demographic background variables of higher grades college students in gender, grade, college, family economy state, and experience of career consultation were significant differences. 2.Results from structural equation modeling provided support for the proposed model. 3.There are mediations among the variables. (1) The perception of basic psychological needs mediated the relation between care and career decision completely. (2) The perception of basic psychological needs mediated the relation between care and autonomy motivation completely. (3) The perception of basic psychological needs and autonomy motivation mediated the relation between care and career decision completely. (4) The perception of basic psychological needs mediated the relation between over-protection and career decision partially. (5) Controlled motivation mediated the relation between over-protection and career decision partially. (6) The perception of basic psychological needs and autonomy motivation mediated the relation between over-protection and career decision partially. (7) Autonomy motivation mediated the relation between the perception of basic psychological needs and career decision partially. This study presents that the career decision was effected by different parenting attitudes among the perception of basic psychological needs and motivational types of career preparation. Through both the perception of basic psychological needs and autonomy motivation of career preparation, the career decision was positively effected by the care of parenting attitudes. In the other way, through the perception of basic psychological needs or controlled motivation of career preparation, the career decision was negatively effected by the over-protection of parenting attitudes. Discussion centers on the theoretical and practical implications of the results.
The purpose of this study was to propose and test a model of career decicion based on self-determination theory. This model posits that parenting attitudes predicted career decision through basic psychological needs and motivation of career preparation. This study adopted a questionnaire survey and convenience sampling. 4 self-report questionnaires were used, including chinese version of parental bonding instrument, basic psychological needs scale in general, types of motivation scale for career preparation and career decision scale. Participants were 967 higher grades college students. All the collected data were respectively analyzed by MANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, and SEM. Results as follows: 1.Different demographic background variables of higher grades college students in gender, grade, college, family economy state, and experience of career consultation were significant differences. 2.Results from structural equation modeling provided support for the proposed model. 3.There are mediations among the variables. (1) The perception of basic psychological needs mediated the relation between care and career decision completely. (2) The perception of basic psychological needs mediated the relation between care and autonomy motivation completely. (3) The perception of basic psychological needs and autonomy motivation mediated the relation between care and career decision completely. (4) The perception of basic psychological needs mediated the relation between over-protection and career decision partially. (5) Controlled motivation mediated the relation between over-protection and career decision partially. (6) The perception of basic psychological needs and autonomy motivation mediated the relation between over-protection and career decision partially. (7) Autonomy motivation mediated the relation between the perception of basic psychological needs and career decision partially. This study presents that the career decision was effected by different parenting attitudes among the perception of basic psychological needs and motivational types of career preparation. Through both the perception of basic psychological needs and autonomy motivation of career preparation, the career decision was positively effected by the care of parenting attitudes. In the other way, through the perception of basic psychological needs or controlled motivation of career preparation, the career decision was negatively effected by the over-protection of parenting attitudes. Discussion centers on the theoretical and practical implications of the results.
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Keywords
父母教養態度, 基本心理需求, 生涯準備動機, 生涯定向, 自我決定理論, parenting attitudes, basic psychological needs, motivational types of career preparation, career decision, self-determination theory