青少年立定跳遠為發展順序的函數

Abstract

本研究目的在探討青少年男性立定跳遠動作型態與動作表現之關係，並探究各年齡層之不同動作型態的分布特徵。研究之實驗參與者共有149名青少年男性，年齡分別為14歲、16歲及18歲。實驗乃透過攝影機紀錄實驗參與者在執行體適能測驗之立定跳遠動作影像與跳遠距離。參與者的最佳表現則就上肢動作、下肢動作及全身動作等部分，以檢核表分類其動作發展階段。本研究採χ2進行適合度與百分比同質性考驗，以檢視各發展階段與各年齡層間的分布差異；再以獨立樣本二因子變異數分析與Duncan法事後比較，分析動作型態與年齡對立定跳遠距離產生的影響（α = .05）。結果顯示16歲與18歲青少年在立定跳遠動作階段3與階段4的分佈人數較多，而14歲青少年則在三種發展階段人數比例無顯著差異。在立定跳遠距離方面，16歲與18歲的成績表現皆優於14歲，動作發展階段越成熟立定跳遠距離就顯著增加。因此，本研究發現14歲與16歲是立定跳遠動作發展關鍵階段，也提供了立定跳遠的動作發展階段有效預測動作者年齡，而不是與年齡相關的實證研究基礎。The study aims to explore the relationships between the movement characteristics and the movement performances of standing long jump for male adolescents, and also to probe into the distributive features of different movement characteristics among various age groups. There were 50 14-year-old, 50 16-year-old, and 49 18-year-old males, 149 in total, participating this study. A camcorder was used to record the movements of standing long jump under the physical fitness test battery. The maximal performance was classified into parts of developmental sequence by the checklist of arm action, leg action, and whole body. Chi-square for test of goodness of fit and homogeneity of proportions were adapted to exam the differences of the distribution of developmental stages or age groups. Independent two-way ANOVAs with Duncan post-hoc were used to analyze the effects of movement patterns and ages on the distance of standing long jump. The alpha levels were set at .05. The results showed that the distribution of the 16-year-old and 18-year-old teenagers in phase 3 and 4 accounts for larger percentage. Yet, the distribution of the 14-year-old teenagers in all three phases showed no significant differences. The jumping distance in the 16-year-old group and 18-year-old group were longer than that in the 14-year-old group. The peak performance in jumping distance was caused by the mature movement pattern. Consequently, it indicated that the ages from 14 years old to 16 years old are the critical period of development for standing long jump. This study provides as the base for empirical researches that the developmental sequences of standing long jump could validly predict the age of performer but not age dependent.