跨文化「實踐家」：新住民在日常家庭生活中跨文化挑戰與能動性的交織

Abstract

本研究旨在探討新住民在日常家庭生活中，語言使用、飲食料理、歲時節俗之跨文化挑戰與能動性（agency）具體實踐。研究採以深度訪談，對象為四位結婚十年以上且育有子女之女性新住民，特以符號互動理論（symbolic interaction theory）和Anthony Giddens對於能動性的見解作為詮釋之理論基礎，運用敍事分析方法解構新住民跨文化挑戰與能動性交織情形，研究結果如下：一、新住民在家庭中跨文化實踐的起心動念與意義是「不忘本」的信念，肯認原生國文化是付諸行動的先決條件，並以持續且廣泛學習行動，作為克服文化差異和挑戰的策略。二、新住民在結構二重性（duality of structure）的交織下展現能動性，借鑑符號互動理論進而洞析，跨文化實踐可從「認同與尊重」、「角色求平衡」、「互動並協商」及「脈絡到實踐」之主要概念中落實，包含：（一）語言使用方面，家庭成員不禁止新住民語，營造家庭自然且生活化的多語對話環境。（二）飲食料理方面，透過個人觀察學習和家人支持，使新住民料理成為日常餐食；在特別節日共享新住民料理，是獲得家庭認同與歸屬感的重大象徵意義。（三）歲時節俗方面，尊重不同文化節日與民俗禁忌；儘管因文化差異而使宗教信仰各有依屬，但正向互動的策略運用，仍使家人情感緊密相繫。三、「CROSS」正向能動性與因應具體實踐：新住民因個人生活處境不同而發展獨特能動性，研究結果精萃出五項重要跨文化實踐行動，亦即：「Ｃ」—體諒與溝通（Consideration and communication）「R」—尊重及肯認（Respect and recognition）「Ｏ」—善於觀察且心胸開闊（Observing and open-minded）「Ｓ」—解決問題與視情境狀況合作（Solving the problem and situational cooperation）「Ｓ」—不放棄學習與真誠相待（Studious and sincere）經解構新住民跨文化歷程，表明了符號互動理論（認同、角色、互動、脈絡）、社會結構因素（污名歧視、角色期待）與跨文化日常生活（語言使用、飲食料理、歲時節俗）之間有多層次交織，而能動性在其中因著不同情境或因素影響，促發行動與改變，進而形成「跨文化實踐之意義網」，其揭示出個人處於社會與結構，抑或微觀與宏觀間之相互交織的重要性。希冀研究結果牽引出對不同文化的「尊重包容」與「共存共享」正向具體實踐方法，並喚起家庭與社會大眾體認多元文化教育在生活中付諸行動的重要，最後提供家庭教育推展服務及社會工作者之建議與參考。

This research aims to explore the cross-cultural challenges and agency practices of new residents in daily family life, especially with regards to language usage, food and cooking, cultural traditional festivals folklore. The research adopts in-depth interviews with four female Taiwanese new residents who have been married for more than ten years and have children. The research utilizes symbolic interaction theory and Anthony Giddens’ insights on the agency as the theoretical basis for interpretation. Moreover, the research applies narrative analysis methods to deconstruct the cross-cultural challenges and agency of the new residents. The results of the research are as follows:1. The motivation and meaning for Taiwanese new residents to maintain cross-cultural practice are based on the belief of “never forget one’s origin”. That is, one has to first recognize the culture of one’s country of origin, and further conduct continuous and extensive learning actions. The aforementioned belief is a strategy to overcome cultural differences and challenges.2. The new residents show agency under the intersection of the duality of structure. Symbolic interaction theory is used as a reference for the analysis. Cross-cultural practice can be implemented via the main concepts of “identities and respect”, “make role-playing be balanced”, “interaction and negotiation” and “from context to practice”. The concepts include:(1) In terms of language usage, family members do not prohibit new residents from speaking from their mother tongue, which creates a lifestyle-oriented family conversation in multiple languages.(2) In terms of food and cooking, new residents’ diet can become part of the daily meal through personal observation, learning, and family support. Furthermore, sharing new residents’ food during special festivals helps one gain a sense of belonging.(3) In terms of cultural traditional festivals folklore, it is necessary to show respect for taboos in different cultural traditions. Although people have their own religious beliefs due to cultural differences, positive interaction strategies still help to create family bonding.3. “CROSS” positive agency and corresponding concrete practice: New residents develop unique agency due to different personal life situations. The research results indicate five important cross-cultural practical actions, namely:“C”-Consideration and communication“R”-Respect and recognition“O”-Observing and open-minded“S”-Solving the problem and situational cooperation“S”-Studious and sincere (don’t give up learning and treat each other sincerely)The cross-cultural process of deconstructing new residents’ cultures shows that symbolic interaction theory (identities, roles, interactions, contexts), social structural factors (stigma discrimination, role expectation), and cross-cultural daily life (language usage, food and cooking, cultural traditional festivals folklore) are intersected at multiple levels, in which agency is influenced by different situations or factors, stimulate actions and changes, and then forms “the cross-cultural practice network”.The network reveals how an individual is situated between society and structure or the importance of the intersection of micro and macro levels.It is expected that the results of the research will lead to the positive and specific practical methods of “respect and tolerance” and “coexistence and sharing” of different cultures, and facilitate families and the public to recognize the importance of multicultural education in life. The research also presents suggestions and references for family education promotion services and social workers.