八向度幽默風格量表之發展暨其與自尊、人格特質、依附風格關係之探討

Abstract

本研究旨在編製適用於青少年至成人期的「八向度幽默風格量表」，比較我國不同發展階段、不同族群、性別於幽默風格的差異；探討自尊、人格特質、依附風格與八向度幽默風格的相關性與預測性。研究共計有2905名自國中至七十歲左右的成人參與研究，研究資料以描述性統計、多變量二因子變異數分析(MANOVA)、探索式因素分析(EFA)、驗證性因素分析(CFA)、皮爾森積差相關、多元迴歸分析考驗。所得的結論列述如下： 一、量表編製方面 (一)信效度方面：八個分量表內部一致性信度介於.81～.88之間；再測信度介於.76~.88之間。驗證性因素分析亦呈現不錯的外在品質與可接受的內在品質。 二、研究結果方面 (一)在不同發展階段與性別方面: 1.男性在弄巧成拙型、自我吹捧型、主動攻擊型和回應攻擊型的幽默風格顯著大於女性。女性在自我調侃型幽默顯著大於男性；2.自我調侃型的幽默風格於青少年晚期發展出來；3.主動攻擊型與弄巧成拙型的幽默風格在青少年全期(國中到大學)並無顯著差異，直至成年期後顯著下降。 (二)在不同性別與族群方面：1.原住民在親和聯繫型、自我提升型的幽默風格，顯著大於漢族；2.原住民在弄巧成拙型、自我貶抑型、自我吹捧型的幽默風格也顯著大於漢族；經控制兩族群之學歷背景後，所得結果完全一致。 (三)與自尊的相關情形：1.親和聯繫型、自我提升型、自我調侃型、回應攻擊型的幽默風格，在四個發展階段均與自尊正相關；2.弄巧成拙型與自我貶抑型的幽默風格，在四個發展階段均與自尊負相關；3.主動攻擊與自我吹捧的幽默在國中、高中、大學與自尊無關，在成人階段與自尊負相關，推測可能受到青少年獨特生理特徵與自我中心觀的影響。 (四)與人格特質的相關與預測：1.五大人格特質與四種正向的幽默風格正相關；2.弄巧成拙型的幽默與所有人格特質負相關、自我吹捧型與嚴謹性負相關3.自我貶抑型幽默則與所有人特質無關；主動攻擊型幽默與外向性、開放性正相關，與友善性、嚴謹性負相關；4.外向性能顯著預測親和聯繫型、自我調侃型與自我吹捧型幽默風格；5.情緒穩定度對弄巧成拙型的幽默有最高的負向預測力；6.開放性對自我提升型、回應攻擊型的幽默有最高的預測力；7.友善性最能負向預測主動攻擊型幽默。 (五)與依附風格的相關與預測：1.親和聯繫型、自我調侃型、自我提升型、回應攻擊型的幽默風格，均與安全依附正相關；2.弄巧成拙型、自我貶抑型、自我吹捧型、主動攻擊型的幽默風格，均與焦慮依附正相關；3.逃避依附與弄巧成拙型幽默有中度正相關；4.安全依附風格，能顯著預測所有正向幽默風格。5.焦慮依附能正向預測所有負向幽默風格。6.四項人際依附風格中，以安全依附和焦慮依附最能預測幽默風格的表現。 上述研究結果，驗證八種幽默風格類型的存在，並可區分出正向與負向的幽默風格。研究亦顯示族群、性別、發展階段的差異，該研究結果能提供未來研究者、教育工作者、族群文化工作者實證資料，作為未來研究探索與教育輔導之建議。

The purpose of this research is compiling an Eight-dimension Humor Styles Questionnaire used for teenagers and adults by comparing how humor style differs from various developmental stages, ethnic groups, and sexes, and then to analyze the correlation and the predictive power among self-esteem, personality and attachment style. There is a sample of 2,905 people, from junior high to adults around seventy. The research methods include descriptive statistics, two-way MANOVA, Exploratory Factor analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Pearson’s product moment correlation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The results is as following : 1. Results from questionnaire compilation As far as reliability and validity are concerned, Cronbach α fall between .81and .88 within the Eight-dimension Humor Styles Questionnaire. Values of retest-reliability fall between .76 and .88. Besides, both interior and exterior qualities are acceptable according to confirmatory factor analysis. 2. Findings from the research of eight-dimension humor styles (1) Comparison between different developmental stages and sexes: A. In those humor styles such as: overreach oneself, self-flatter, active aggression and responsive aggression, male is more significant than female; however, female is more significant than male in the humor style of self-jeer. B. The research shows that the humor style of self-jeer is usually developed till late adolescence. As to humor style of overreach oneself and active aggression, there is no significant difference in teenagers (from junior high to college), but the significance decreases for adults. (2) Comparison between different sexes and ethnic groups: A. In humor style of affiliation and self-enhancing, the aboriginal people are more significant than the Han people. B. In humor style of overreach oneself, self-defeating and self-flatter, the aboriginal people is also more significant than the Han people. There is no difference on above results in various educational backgrounds of the two peoples. (3) The correlation with self-esteem: A. There is a positive correlation between four humor styles of affiliation, self-enhancing, jeer-self, and responsive aggression and self-esteem. B. There is a negative correlation between humor styles of overreach oneself and self-defeating and self-esteem. C. There is no correlation between humor styles of active aggression and self-flatter and self-esteem during junior high to college . However, at the adult stage, the correlation become negative. (4) The correlation with personality and its predictive power: A. There is a positive correlation between Big Five personality traits and four positive humor styles. B. There is a negative correlation between the humor styles of overreach oneself and Big Five personality traits; the correlation between the humor style of self-flatter and conscientiousness personality is also negative. C. There is no correlation between the humor style of self-defeating and Big Five personality traits; however, the correlation between humor style of active aggression and, open-to-experience personality is positive; and correlation with agreeableness, conscientiousness personality is negative. D. In terms of predictive power, extraversion can predict humor styles of affiliation, jeer oneself, and self-flatter significantly. E. The personality of emotional stability shows highly negative predictive power for the humor style of overreach oneself. F. The open-to-experience personality shows the highest predictive power for the humor styles of self-enhancing and active aggression. G. The agreeableness personality can well predict the humor style of aggression in negative direction. (5) The correlation with attachment style and its predictive power: A. The humor style of affiliation, self-jeer, self-enhancing, and responsive aggression has positive correlation with secure attachment. B. The humor style of overreach oneself, self-defeating, self-flatter and active aggression has positive correlation with anxious attachment. C. There is a mid-degree correlation between avoidant attachment and overreach oneself. D. The secure attachment can predict all positive humor styles significantly. E. The anxious attachment can predict all negative humor styles significantly. F. Among four attachment styles, the secure attachment and the anxious attachment have most predictive power for the performance of humor styles. The research proves that there are eight different humor styles existing in Taiwan, and some reflect the positive psychological characteristics and the others reflect the negative sides. In addition, the research also shows the difference of humor styles in various ethnic groups, sexes, and developmental stages. These findings can be used as experimental data or suggestion for future studies.