少數族群壓力對性別非常規者的影響：檢驗其中介路徑與因應之保護效果

Abstract

本研究採取社會文化觀點，透過深入檢視臺灣社會文化下的性別概念，並以Meyer（2003）所發展的「少數族群壓力模式」為基礎，說明女同性戀者、男同性戀者、雙性戀者、跨性別者、性別酷兒及無性戀者等多元性別族群因未能一致遵循社會文化價值所蘊含之性別常規，故成為本研究所稱之性別非常規族群，並進而面臨較高的少數族群壓力。本研究採用問卷調查方式，結果除可提供對於臺灣性別非常規族群之社會心理健康普遍態樣之理解外，並進一步以路徑分析方法檢驗受歧視、拒絕及災難等外在壓力經驗對主觀幸福感之影響，包括內在壓力經驗（如認同否定、內化負面態度、負向未來期待、社群隱匿、外觀隱匿、泛家族取向壓力及他人取向壓力）所扮演的中介角色，以及內在因應（如認同驕傲及社群連結感）的保護效果，藉以發展適合臺灣性別非常規族群的本土諮商與心理治療架構。本研究同時總結五項主要發現：一、對於性別非常規族群而言，不同類型之壓力經驗皆十分普遍。二、不同性別族群的壓力經驗確有不同，惟在內在因應上無顯著差異。三、外在壓力經驗藉由內在壓力經驗，影響當事人的主觀幸福感。四、認同驕傲可有效作為壓力經驗的保護因子，惟主要透過直接路徑產生影響。五、不限於個人取向壓力，社會取向壓力顯現出臺灣社會的獨特心理特徵。最後，本研究尚針對部份限制進行探討，並根據研究結果提出建議。

This study adopts a sociocultural perspective and examines the concepts of gender in Taiwanese society. Based on Meyer’s (2003) “Minority Stress Model,” the study explains that the diverse gender groups, including lesbian women, gay men, bisexuals, transgender people, genderqueers, and asexuals, are considered gender nonconforming because they don’t conform to the gender norms contained in the sociocultural values, and thus face higher minority stress. The study uses a questionnaire survey and provides an understanding of the general state of the mental health of Taiwan’s gender nonconforming people. Path analysis is used to examine the impact of external stress experiences such as discrimination, rejection, and victimization on subjective well-being, including the mediating role of internal stress experiences, such as identity non-affirmation, internalization of negative attitudes, negative future expectations, community hiding, appearance hiding, family orientation stress, and others’ orientation stress, as well as the protective effects of internal coping such as identity pride and community connectedness. The study aims to develop a local counseling and psychological treatment model suitable for Taiwan’s gender nonconforming people.The study found five main conclusions: (1) Experiencing various types of stress is common among gender nonconforming people. (2) Different gender groups experience different stress but there is no significant difference in their inner coping strategies. (3) External stress affects subjective well-being through inner stress. (4) Identity pride can effectively act as a protective factor against stress, mainly through direct influence. (5) Beyond individual orientation stress, social orientation stress reveals unique psychological characteristics of Taiwanese society. Finally, the study explores some limitations and offers suggestions based on the results.