漢語可能構式「V得／不C」之探究及其教學應用

Abstract

「V得／不C」，一般稱為可能補語，相關研究不多，傳統上多將其視為「VC」結構插入「得／不」的擴展，且僅以「能／不能」描述其語義，解釋力不足，實際應用於華語教學更是捉襟見肘，教師、學生無不將此視為難點，迫切需要進一步的相關研究來輔助教學。 基於此，本研究旨在從構式語法的角度重新探討漢語之可能構式「V得／不C」的類型，並定義出各類「可能構式」的結構、語義以及其組成成分之間的選擇限制。本文以構式語法為基礎，輔以語料庫的實際語料分析與「頻率」統計，找出可能構式的基礎中心句式義與多義連結，並根據研究結果，評估現有華語教材，提供編輯與教學建議。研究結果發現可能構式可分為兩大類：「目標達成可能構式」表達「施事執行動作達成目標的可能性」，此構式的選擇語義限制主要是「施事的自願性」與「結果的可預期性與合理性」；「中動可能構式」的主要意義為表達「對象的固有特質」，此特質會影響動作的結果。在教學應用方面，研究發現，現有教材多將「V得／不C」視為單一語義，且對於其結構及用法說明普遍不足。未來在教材編輯上必須區分不同構式，並強調其結構及用法上的不同處。

In this thesis, based on the framework of Construction Grammar (CG). I investigated the types, structures, meanings, and semantic constraints of the potential complement (PC) constructions in Mandarin. “V de/bu C” used to be considered as an expansion of resultative compounds (VC) by adding an infix “de” or “bu” in previous studies. However, some issues remain unsolved. Adopting a corpus-based approach and taking type/token frequency into consideration, I claim that the central meaning of the PC construction is “Goal-achievability”. The results show that there are two kinds of PC constructions. One is “Goal-achievability construction”, which expresses “the potentiality of achieving the goal by carrying out the action”. The other subtypes of PC constructions are related to the main type via polysemous or instance links. The semantic constraints of the construction include “volitionality of the agent” and “predictability and reasonability of result”. The other kind of PC is “middle-type” (Adjectival) PC”, which describes the trait of the theme, the trait that is responsible for the result of the action. As for the application for TCSL, teaching material nowadays consider“V de/bu C” as an monosemous structure, and don’t have enough explanation as to it’s structure and usage. I propse that future teaching materials shoud clearfy different potential complements constructions and put emphasis on the different structures and functions of “V de/bu C” constructions.