焦點解決團體諮商工作同盟發展歷程及希望感之成效研究
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2016
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本研究旨在探討焦點解決團體諮商之成效與歷程間的關聯。研究目的包括：（1）焦點解決團體諮商對大學生希望感的諮商成效；（2）焦點解決團體諮商工作同盟在團體歷程之發展與變化；以及（3）焦點解決團體諮商工作同盟和團體諮商成效之間的關聯。
本研究採用「準實驗法組間前後測與追蹤測設計」及「問卷調查法」以回應研究目的，邀請16位具自我探索與成長意願的大學生參與者作研究對象，分派至實驗組與對照組，實驗組成員需參與為期八週，每次150分鐘的「焦點解決自我成長團體」，而對照組則不作處理。在研究工具部分，使用「希望感量表」和「團體諮商工作同盟量表」進行評估。兩組成員均須在團體前、團體結束以及團體結束一個月時填寫「希望感量表」，而實驗組成員亦須在每次團體結束時填答「團體諮商工作同盟量表」。
在研究變項方面，首先，針對焦解決團體諮商之成效部分，本研究以實驗處理作為自變項，「希望感量表」之得分作為依變項，透過單因子共變數分析進行考驗，釐清團體之立即與追蹤成效；再者，對焦點解決團體諮商工作同盟的發展層面，則主要以非計量多向度多元尺度法之座標值及二維空間圖呈現；最後，在焦點解決成效與歷程的關聯方面，則分別定義「團體諮商工作同盟量表」之得分以及「希望感量表」前後測殘差改變分數為歷程和成效，並採用簡單迴歸分析瞭解兩者間之關聯與預測力。研究結果如下：
一、焦點解決團體諮商對大學生希望感具立即諮商成效。研究發現，實驗組於「希望感全量表」及其兩構念—「路徑分量表」和「能量分量表」上，得分均顯著高於控制組。
二、焦點解決團體諮商對大學生希望感具部分追蹤諮商成效。研究顯示，實驗組於「希望感全量表」及其構念之「能量分量表」上，得分顯著高於控制組，但「路徑分量表」則未有顯著差異。
三、焦點解決團體諮商工作同盟總分及各向度之得分均屬正向偏高，而其各向度之發展歷程則能以「成長」及「成員間一致性」兩維度理解。從內容向度來看，「目標」與「任務」的成長模式類似，但負成長時不一致性則較高，而「聯結」方面不僅成長迅速，成員間的感受也較一致。就人際向度而言，「成員與領導者」、「其他成員與領導者」和「整個團體與領導者」之工作同盟，皆於團體頭兩次間有最大幅度的成長，但亦各出現一次單次同盟明顯下降的情況，且成員間有明顯不一致的感受，而在「成員與其他成員」向度，則是較和緩漸增的成長模式，顯示不同人際系統間工作同盟發展之特殊性。
四、焦點解決團體諮商工作同盟與團體諮商成效間有緊密關聯，而各向度間之關聯性與預測力則略有不同。研究指出，焦點解決團體諮商工作同盟無論總分或各分向度，皆對「整體希望感」的進展具有顯著的正向預測力。然而，在希望的兩項構念上，僅內容向度中的「目標」、「任務」分量表，和人際向度中之「成員與其他成員」分量表，對上述兩向度皆具有顯著的正向預測力。
研究討論分為以下三部分：
一、焦點解決團體諮商對大學生希望感之幫助：團體對大學生希望感之立即成效，可能與焦點解決團體諮商之架構符合希望建立之進程，以及團體活動能呼應希望三要素有關；而在追蹤成效部分，由於受到多重因素之影響，尚待後續研究釐清。
二、焦點解決團體諮商工作同盟的發展及意義，包括：（1）焦點解決團體諮商能建立相當良好的整體工作同盟關係；（2）焦點解決團體諮商能即時處理同盟下降的情況；（3）三內容向度之成長型態雖互相連動，但目標與任務的訂定及共識似乎需要經過較長的探索與協商，而情感聯結則能穩定維持；（4）與領導者相關之工作同盟的建立，可能以團體初期最為關鍵，但後續則需相當留意特定事件之影響，及成員間主觀感受的不一致性；以及（5）團體成員間的同盟雖然形成較慢但相對穩固。
三、焦點解決團體諮商工作同盟與成效之綜合討論，包括：（1）焦點解決團體諮商之整體工作同盟品質對諮商成效有重要的影響力；（2）團體對目標和任務的認同與諮商成效最密切相關，但情感聯結仍為不可或缺的元素；以及（3）在團體多元的人際系統中，成員彼此間的工作同盟關係，對改變之促成至為關鍵。
最後，本研究對SFGC在實務上的應用、團體帶領者的培養以及未來可研究的方向提出幾項建議，以供參考。
The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of solution-focused group counseling (SFGC) on college students’ hope, the establishment and changes of working alliance in SFGC process, and relations between the effects and the working alliance in SFGC. This study involved a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design and questionnaires. A total of 16 college students who had motivation for self-exploration and self-growth participated in the study. The participants were assigned to an experimental group and a comparison group. The experimental group underwent the personal-growth SFGC once a week for eight weeks, 150 minutes per session. On the other hand, the comparison group did not receive any intervention. Both groups completed Trait Hope Scale (THS) before the SFGC started, during the SFGC, and one month after the SFGC finished. The experimental group also completed Group Therapy Alliance Scale (GTAS) in the end of each session. In terms of data analysis based on the research purpose, first, to examine the immediate and retention effects of SFGC, data was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, with the THS scores as dependent variance and the experimental treatment as independent variable. Moreover, the data of working alliance establishment in SFGC was analyzed by nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) and presented by the two-dimensional graph. Last but not least, the SFGC process and the SFGC effects were defined as the GTAC scores and the THS residualized change scores respectively. The relations between these two variables and their predictive power were analyzed by simple linear regression. The research results were: 1.SFGC had immediate effects on hope of the college students. The experimental group had significantly higher scores on THS and on its pathway and the agency subscales than the comparison group. 2.SFGC had partial retention effects on hope of the college students. The experimental group had significantly higher scores on THS and the agency subscale than the comparison group, but there was no significant difference of the pathway subscale scores between both groups. 3.The experimental group had high total scores on GTAS and its two dimensions, the content and the interpersonal dimensions. The two dimensions of GTAS was analyzed based on the growth and the consistency dimensions of MDS. In terms of the content dimension, the growth pattern of the goal and the task subscales were similar. However, the two subscales had higher inconsistency if they were in negative growth. The bond subscales were in high growth and high consistency. In terms of the interpersonal dimension, the working alliance in the self-therapist, other member-therapist, and the group-therapist had the most growth for the first two sessions. However, each work alliance had significantly declined on one SFGC session and had had significantly inconsistent feelings between the group members. Moreover, the working alliance in the self-other member was in a pattern of slow growth. The results indicated the special nature of working alliance establishment in each interpersonal system. 4.There was a positively significant relation between the working alliance and the effects of SFGC, but each dimension and its subscale of GTAS had slightly different relations and predictive power. The total score and the subscales scores of GTAS significantly positively predicted the total hope score. However, only the goal and the task subscales scores in content dimension and the self-other member subscale score in the interpersonal dimension significantly positively predicted both subscales of THS. The conclusions of this study were: 1.Enhancing college students’ hope by SFGC: It appeared that there were two factors of the immediate effects of SFGC on the students’ hope. The first one was that the SFGC structure was suitable for establishing hope. The second one was that the SFGC activities reached the three factors of hope. In terms of the retention effects, due to the influence of multiple factors, it required further study in the future. 2.The working alliance in SFGC: First, there were highly effective working alliance in SFGC. Second, the decline of working alliance in SFGC could be dealt with instantaneously. Third, the growth pattern of the three subscales of the content dimension were related to each other. However, it seemed to take long time of exploration and negotiation to reach a consensus on the goal and the task, but the emotional bond was rather stably maintained. Forth, it was crucial to establish the working alliance regarding the therapist in the early process of SFGC, but it still required attention to the impact of specific events and the inconsistency of subjective feelings between the group members in the subsequent process. Last, the working alliance of the group members were established slowly yet were relatively stable. 3.The effects of working alliance in SFGC: First, the overall quality of working alliance in SFGC significantly influenced the SFGC effects. Second, the group members’ acceptance of the goal and the task was related to the SFGC effects the most, but the emotional bond of the members was still necessary. Third, in the various interpersonal systems in SFGC, the working alliance of group members were crucial to change. Last, this study provided implications on practice, future research, and on how to train group leaders.
The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of solution-focused group counseling (SFGC) on college students’ hope, the establishment and changes of working alliance in SFGC process, and relations between the effects and the working alliance in SFGC. This study involved a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design and questionnaires. A total of 16 college students who had motivation for self-exploration and self-growth participated in the study. The participants were assigned to an experimental group and a comparison group. The experimental group underwent the personal-growth SFGC once a week for eight weeks, 150 minutes per session. On the other hand, the comparison group did not receive any intervention. Both groups completed Trait Hope Scale (THS) before the SFGC started, during the SFGC, and one month after the SFGC finished. The experimental group also completed Group Therapy Alliance Scale (GTAS) in the end of each session. In terms of data analysis based on the research purpose, first, to examine the immediate and retention effects of SFGC, data was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, with the THS scores as dependent variance and the experimental treatment as independent variable. Moreover, the data of working alliance establishment in SFGC was analyzed by nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) and presented by the two-dimensional graph. Last but not least, the SFGC process and the SFGC effects were defined as the GTAC scores and the THS residualized change scores respectively. The relations between these two variables and their predictive power were analyzed by simple linear regression. The research results were: 1.SFGC had immediate effects on hope of the college students. The experimental group had significantly higher scores on THS and on its pathway and the agency subscales than the comparison group. 2.SFGC had partial retention effects on hope of the college students. The experimental group had significantly higher scores on THS and the agency subscale than the comparison group, but there was no significant difference of the pathway subscale scores between both groups. 3.The experimental group had high total scores on GTAS and its two dimensions, the content and the interpersonal dimensions. The two dimensions of GTAS was analyzed based on the growth and the consistency dimensions of MDS. In terms of the content dimension, the growth pattern of the goal and the task subscales were similar. However, the two subscales had higher inconsistency if they were in negative growth. The bond subscales were in high growth and high consistency. In terms of the interpersonal dimension, the working alliance in the self-therapist, other member-therapist, and the group-therapist had the most growth for the first two sessions. However, each work alliance had significantly declined on one SFGC session and had had significantly inconsistent feelings between the group members. Moreover, the working alliance in the self-other member was in a pattern of slow growth. The results indicated the special nature of working alliance establishment in each interpersonal system. 4.There was a positively significant relation between the working alliance and the effects of SFGC, but each dimension and its subscale of GTAS had slightly different relations and predictive power. The total score and the subscales scores of GTAS significantly positively predicted the total hope score. However, only the goal and the task subscales scores in content dimension and the self-other member subscale score in the interpersonal dimension significantly positively predicted both subscales of THS. The conclusions of this study were: 1.Enhancing college students’ hope by SFGC: It appeared that there were two factors of the immediate effects of SFGC on the students’ hope. The first one was that the SFGC structure was suitable for establishing hope. The second one was that the SFGC activities reached the three factors of hope. In terms of the retention effects, due to the influence of multiple factors, it required further study in the future. 2.The working alliance in SFGC: First, there were highly effective working alliance in SFGC. Second, the decline of working alliance in SFGC could be dealt with instantaneously. Third, the growth pattern of the three subscales of the content dimension were related to each other. However, it seemed to take long time of exploration and negotiation to reach a consensus on the goal and the task, but the emotional bond was rather stably maintained. Forth, it was crucial to establish the working alliance regarding the therapist in the early process of SFGC, but it still required attention to the impact of specific events and the inconsistency of subjective feelings between the group members in the subsequent process. Last, the working alliance of the group members were established slowly yet were relatively stable. 3.The effects of working alliance in SFGC: First, the overall quality of working alliance in SFGC significantly influenced the SFGC effects. Second, the group members’ acceptance of the goal and the task was related to the SFGC effects the most, but the emotional bond of the members was still necessary. Third, in the various interpersonal systems in SFGC, the working alliance of group members were crucial to change. Last, this study provided implications on practice, future research, and on how to train group leaders.
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焦點解決團體諮商, 團體諮商工作同盟, 希望感, Solution-focused group counseling, group counseling working alliance, hope