盧梭自然概念之教育蘊義
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2005
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本研究以盧梭的自然概念為探究焦點，旨在釐清盧梭自然概念的意涵，掌握自然教育的理念和實踐之道，以期對台灣教育提供啟示性的觀點和做法。本研究採文獻分析法和詮釋學方法，在研究內容方面，首先探討盧梭自然概念的孕育、發展與背景淵源；其次，根據盧梭的觀點，釐清自然概念的不同意涵；繼之，以盧梭的自然概念為基礎，闡釋盧梭自然概念所蘊含的教育意涵與實踐之道；最後，評析盧梭自然概念及教育思想中幾個可議之處，並提出研究啟示，以作為教育革新的參考。
本論文的研究結果摘要如下：
一、盧梭自然概念的形成深受所處時代背景和個人生平經歷的影響，使其試圖以「自然」為起始點，思考政治和教育上歸返自然的可能性。
二、盧梭自然概念的第一層意涵是「自然狀態」。「自然狀態」是一個自由平等、原始人居住的時代。盧梭厭棄文明社會的腐化敗壞，希冀人能重返未腐化前的生活樣態。在教育上，他認為孩子應該成長於類似自然狀態的環境，心靈才不致扭曲發展，因此，鄉間顯然是勝過城市的。
三、盧梭自然概念的第二層意涵是「人的天性」。「人的天性」本質包含了自愛心、憐憫心以及自由意志。盧梭認為人的天賦本性皆是善的，因此，教育應順從孩子的天性發展，保護孩子不受謬誤和偏見的敗壞。
四、盧梭自然概念的第三層意涵是「自然法則」。自然法則的內涵可區分為二：一是指符合人性的自然發展原則，盧梭劃分成長為四個重要階段，教育應循序漸進，不可揠苗助長，忽視孩子的需要。另一內涵指的是人順應良心而為的自然法則。人唯有使理性順應良知，才能行事正義，得到幸福。
五、盧梭自然概念的第四層意涵是「自然環境」。自然環境不但是知識的寶庫，更是人審美的經驗對象。教育內容不必僅限於書本，處於大自然或是真實的生活情境中皆可學習知識。
六、盧梭自然概念的第五層意涵是「理想的自然狀態」。此為盧梭最終的政治理想，目的在建立一個人人自由平等的社會。
七、盧梭自然概念的重要啟示：(1)視兒童為教育的起點(2)身體及感官訓練的重要性(3)重視經驗知識的獲得(4)注重學習能力的培養(5)創造與自然和諧的關係等，皆可作為當前台灣教育現象的省思。
This research is focused on Rousseau’s natural concept in order to clarify its significance grasping ideas and fulfillments of natural education to offer Taiwan education some revealing perspectives and methods. This study used literature review and hermeneutics, explored pregnancy, development and background of Rousseau’s natural concept. Then, based on Rousseau’s perspective, this study clarified the different significances of natural concept. Thirdly, based on Rousseau’s natural concept, this study explained educational significance and fulfillments contained in Rousseau’s natural concept. Finally, some controversial points in Rousseau’s natural concept and his educational thought to present research revelations were analyzed and provided as the references for educational reform. The results of this research can be abstracted as follows: 1. The forming of Rousseau’s natural concept was deeply influenced by era background and personal history. He tried to, starting from “nature”, think over the possibility for politics and education to return to nature. 2. The first-layer significance of Rousseau’s natural concept is “natural status”. “Natural status” is an era that primitive people live freely and equally. Rousseau hated the corruption of civilized society and hoped people can return to the living status which was not corrupted. As for education, he advocated children should be raised in an environment like natural status so that their mind wouldn’t be twisted. Therefore, a rural place is better than a city. 3. The second-layer significance of Rousseau’s natural concept is “human nature”. The characters of “human nature” include egoism, compassion and free will. Rousseau thought human beings’ nature is good so education should develop along children’s nature protecting children from the damage of mistakes and prejudices. 4. The third-layer significance of Rousseau’s natural concept is “natural rules”. The contents of natural rules can be divided into two parts. Part 1 is the natural development rules in compliance with human nature. Rousseau divided growth into 4 important stages and advocated education should go ahead stage by stage and not to skip over to ignore children’s needs. Part 2 is the rule that people should do following their conscience. Only when people’s rationality can go along conscience, they will behave justly and obtain happiness. 5. The fourth-layer significance of Rousseau’s natural concept is “natural environment”. “Natural environment” is not only the treasure box of knowledge, but also the aesthetic experiences for human beings. Education is not limited to books – People can learn knowledge from the nature or real living situations. 6. The fifth-layer significance of Rousseau’s natural concept is “ideal natural status” which is Rousseau’s ultimate political ideal on the purpose to build up a society in which everybody is free and equal. 7. Important revelations from Rousseau’s natural concept: (1) regarding children as the starting point of education; (2) the importance of training body and sensory organs; (3)thinking much of gaining experiences and knowledge; (4)paying attention to cultivating abilities; (5)creating a harmonic relationship with the nature. The above can provide introspection for the educational phenomena in Taiwan.
This research is focused on Rousseau’s natural concept in order to clarify its significance grasping ideas and fulfillments of natural education to offer Taiwan education some revealing perspectives and methods. This study used literature review and hermeneutics, explored pregnancy, development and background of Rousseau’s natural concept. Then, based on Rousseau’s perspective, this study clarified the different significances of natural concept. Thirdly, based on Rousseau’s natural concept, this study explained educational significance and fulfillments contained in Rousseau’s natural concept. Finally, some controversial points in Rousseau’s natural concept and his educational thought to present research revelations were analyzed and provided as the references for educational reform. The results of this research can be abstracted as follows: 1. The forming of Rousseau’s natural concept was deeply influenced by era background and personal history. He tried to, starting from “nature”, think over the possibility for politics and education to return to nature. 2. The first-layer significance of Rousseau’s natural concept is “natural status”. “Natural status” is an era that primitive people live freely and equally. Rousseau hated the corruption of civilized society and hoped people can return to the living status which was not corrupted. As for education, he advocated children should be raised in an environment like natural status so that their mind wouldn’t be twisted. Therefore, a rural place is better than a city. 3. The second-layer significance of Rousseau’s natural concept is “human nature”. The characters of “human nature” include egoism, compassion and free will. Rousseau thought human beings’ nature is good so education should develop along children’s nature protecting children from the damage of mistakes and prejudices. 4. The third-layer significance of Rousseau’s natural concept is “natural rules”. The contents of natural rules can be divided into two parts. Part 1 is the natural development rules in compliance with human nature. Rousseau divided growth into 4 important stages and advocated education should go ahead stage by stage and not to skip over to ignore children’s needs. Part 2 is the rule that people should do following their conscience. Only when people’s rationality can go along conscience, they will behave justly and obtain happiness. 5. The fourth-layer significance of Rousseau’s natural concept is “natural environment”. “Natural environment” is not only the treasure box of knowledge, but also the aesthetic experiences for human beings. Education is not limited to books – People can learn knowledge from the nature or real living situations. 6. The fifth-layer significance of Rousseau’s natural concept is “ideal natural status” which is Rousseau’s ultimate political ideal on the purpose to build up a society in which everybody is free and equal. 7. Important revelations from Rousseau’s natural concept: (1) regarding children as the starting point of education; (2) the importance of training body and sensory organs; (3)thinking much of gaining experiences and knowledge; (4)paying attention to cultivating abilities; (5)creating a harmonic relationship with the nature. The above can provide introspection for the educational phenomena in Taiwan.
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Keywords
盧梭, 自然概念, 自然教育, 愛彌兒, 良知, ROUSSEAU, Natural concept, Natural education, Emile, Conscience