洪嘉馡Hong, Jia-Fei黃亭寧Huang, Ting-Ning2023-12-082023-07-262023-12-082023https://etds.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/thesis/detail/8ac431fd8e36a38402eceba1f7e79245/http://rportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/handle/20.500.12235/119097「反義詞」顧名思義是一對意義相反的詞彙，一般認為，反義詞在使 用上為對稱使用的，但觀察生活中的使用及語料庫發現，反義詞並不是完 全對稱使用，所以本研究想要了解反義詞使用上不對稱的狀況，選擇以生 活中常見的「上」與「下」為例，並推測出詞義擴展路徑，繪製出「上」 與「下」的詞義網路。本研究首先根據「教育部重編國語辭典修訂本」及「中文詞彙網路」 並參考前人文獻歸納出「上」與「下」的詞義，「上」共有 23 個詞義，「下」 扣􏰀量詞有 25 個詞義，接著將詞義依據原型理論、概念隱喻及轉喻，將詞 義分成原型詞義、引申義及隱喻義，並探討各詞義意思及例句，及這兩個 詞在平衡語料庫中的使用情形，接著從詞義推測「上」與「下」各自的擴 展路徑，再根據推測結果繪製出「上」與「下」的詞義網路。為了了解「上」與「下」不對稱的情形，本研究從平衡語料庫中詞性 的分布檢視不對稱的情形，發現兩者的詞性分布並沒有完全對應，接著將 兩者的詞義分為對稱使用及不對稱使用，發現兩者不對稱使用的比例均高 於對稱使用，對稱使用的十個類型當中，「下」對稱使用的比例大多高於 「上」。本研究最後根據研究結果提出了「上」與「下」的教學建議，希望能對華語教學提出貢獻。The term “antonym” refers to a pair of words with opposite meanings. It is commonly believed that antonyms are used symmetrically. However, observing the usage in daily life and the linguistic corpus reveals that antonyms are not used completely symmetrically. Therefore, this study aims to understand the asymmetric usage of antonyms by taking the commonly used terms “shàng” and “xià” as examples, and infer the expansion path of word meaning, then draw the meaning network of “shàng” and “xià” based on the results.In this study, the meanings of “shàng” and “xià” were first summarized based on the “Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary” and “Chinese Wordnet,” this study categorizes the meanings of “shàng” and “xià.” “Shàng” has a total of 23 meanings, while “xià” has 25 meanings excluding classifier usages. The meanings are then divided into prototype meaning, extended meaning, and metaphorical meaning based on prototype theory, conceptual metaphor, and metonymy. The study explores the meanings and provides examples for each sense, as well as analyzes the usage of these two words in Sinica Corpus. Subsequently, based on the inferred meanings, the study constructs the semantic network of “shàng” and “xià.”In order to understand the asymmetry of “shàng” and “xià,” this study examines the asymmetry from the distribution of parts of speech in the Sinica Corpus and finds that the distribution of the two parts of speech does not completely correspond. Furthermore, by categorizing the meanings of both words into symmetric and asymmetric usage, it is discovered that the proportion of asymmetric usage is higher than symmetric usage for both terms. Among the nine types of symmetric usage, “xià” is predominantly used more frequently than “shàng.”At the end of this study, according to the research results, this study provides teaching suggestions for “shàng” and “xià” in Chinese language education, aiming to contribute to the field of teaching Chinese as a second language.反義詞不對稱原型理論概念隱喻轉喻antonymasymmetricprototype theorymetaphormetonymyetd