太陽能微電網電力調度技術研究
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2025
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本研究在師大汽車工廠一樓建置了兩組獨立型(離網型)太陽能系統，分別稱為S01與S02系統，接入市電且不進行市電回售，接著透過中央控制單元(CCU ,Central Control Unit)，將兩組系統的逆變器電力輸出端進行連接，實現兩組太陽能系統之間的電力交換機制，藉此針對能源調控效益、減碳效果與經濟性進行實測與評估。首先在太陽能模組正常供電的情況下，進行單邊負載與雙邊負載的架構測試，單邊負載(單戶負載)表示只對S01連接負載，S02不連接任何負載的狀態，雙邊負載(雙戶負載)則是對S01與S02系統皆有連接負載的狀態。結果顯示，單邊負載架構具備良好的調度穩定性與能源彈性，能有效整合太陽能與儲能資源，於200W至1000W負載範圍內皆可維持約30%的調度時長比例，隨負載上升，其節電與減碳效益亦同步提升，年節電量可達1095 kWh，年減碳量達518.3 kgCO₂e。而雙邊負載因兩側負載同步消耗能源，較容易導致系統調度時間比例下降至10%以下，然而在負載配置不對稱(如800W與200W)時，調度機會與節電比例(最高可達16%)反而顯著提升，顯示其具備潛在的優化空間。根據實驗結果，進一步於負載總量維持1000W(S01/S02)的條件下，分為對稱組(500W/500W)、非對稱組(800W/200W)、單掛組(1000W/0W)三個組別，探討不同負載分配組合對系統調度行為之影響。實測發現對稱組因兩側壓力相近，難以有效啟動電力調度，未能發揮CCU的協同優勢；而負載分配明顯不對稱的非對稱組，則能有效促進電力交換，且單次調度時間更長，使買電方有更長時間充電，緩解儲能壓力同時降低電池過度放電的頻率，提升系統穩定性及能源利用率；而負載完全集中於單側的單掛組雖可激發CCU經濟效益，卻也使電池頻繁觸發安全保護，長期將增加故障與老化風險。綜合比較，不對稱負載組合可兼顧調度效率及電池壽命，具備較佳的優化潛力。在故障容錯性方面，單戶負載於單側太陽能模組失效時，系統在中高負載條件下容易出現電壓下滑與調度頻繁之情形，儲能負擔加劇且供電穩定性下降，特別在1600W長時間運行時更為顯著。相對地，在雙戶負載架構下，若正常供電方負載較小，系統更易啟動電力調度支援故障方，實現微電網備援設計理念，提升系統整體韌性。經濟效益方面，依據台電113年公告之尖峰電價(4.9元/kWh)與碳排放係數(0.474 kgCO₂e/kWh)估算，單戶負載雖可每年節省1000元以上電費並產生具經濟價值之碳費節約，但設計合適的非對稱掛載(S01:800W/S02:200W)，更加能夠在經濟效益與系統穩定性上達成平衡，建議未來應結合智慧調度策略與主從式負載設計，以提升系統於多變應用場域中的可行性與穩定性。
In this study, two independent (off-grid) solar power systems—designated as S01 and S02—were installed on the first floor of the NTNU automotive workshop. Both systems are connected to the grid but do not perform grid feed-in. A central control unit (CCU) was implemented to link the inverter outputs of both systems, enabling energy exchange between the two solar systems. Through this architecture, the study conducted field tests and evaluations focused on energy dispatch efficiency, carbon reduction, and economic benefits.Initially, tests were performed under normal solar power supply conditions for both single-sided and dual-sided load configurations. The single-sided load scenario refers to connecting loads only to S01, with S02 remaining unloaded. The dual-sided load scenario connects loads to both S01 and S02. Results indicate that the sin-gle-sided load configuration provides good dispatch stability and energy flexibility, effectively integrating solar and storage resources. Across load ranges from 200W to 1,000W, it maintained a dispatch duration ratio of about 30%. As the load increases, both energy-saving and carbon reduction benefits improve accordingly, with annual power savings reaching 1,095 kWh and annual carbon reduction totaling 518.3 kgCO₂e. However, in the dual-sided load scenario, the simultaneous consumption of energy by both sides tends to reduce the dispatch duration ratio to below 10%. Notably, when the loads are asymmetrically distributed (e.g., 800W/200W), the opportunities for dis-patch and the energy-saving ratio (up to 16%) are significantly enhanced, indicating optimization potential.Based on experimental results, further analysis was conducted under a total load of 1,000W (S01/S02), divided into three groups: symmetric (500W/500W), asymmet-ric (800W/200W), and single-sided (1,000W/0W). The influence of different load dis-tribution strategies on dispatch behavior was investigated. The symmetric group, with similar load pressure on both sides, found it difficult to trigger effective power dis-patch, limiting the synergy of the CCU. In contrast, the clearly asymmetric group ena-bled more frequent and prolonged energy exchange, granting the purchasing side longer charging durations, alleviating storage pressure, and reducing battery over-discharge frequency—thus improving system stability and energy utilization. While the single-sided group can maximize CCU economic benefits, it also causes frequent battery protection triggers, increasing the risk of malfunction and accelerated aging over time. Comparatively, asymmetric load distribution can balance dispatch efficiency and battery lifespan, offering superior optimization potential.Regarding fault tolerance, when a single-side solar module fails on a single-sided load, the system is proneto voltage drops and frequent dispatching under medium to high load conditions, increasing the energy storage burden and reducing power supply stability—especially prominent during sustained 1,600W operation. In contrast, under dual-sided load, if the load on the normally operating side is relatively small, the sys-tem can more easily initiate power dispatch to support the faulty side, thus realizing the microgrid’s backup function and enhancing overall system resilience.In terms of economic benefits, calculations based on Taipower’s 2024 peak elec-tricity price (NT$4.9/kWh) and the carbon emission factor (0.474 kgCO₂e/kWh) show that single-sided load can save over NT$1,000 annually on electricity costs and pro-vide significant carbon fee reductions. However, adopting a suitable asymmetric load (S01: 800W/S02: 200W) achieves a better balance between economic returns and sys-tem stability. It is therefore recommended that future designs incorporate intelligent dispatch strategies and master-slave load configurations to further enhance system feasibility and stability across diverse application scenarios.
In this study, two independent (off-grid) solar power systems—designated as S01 and S02—were installed on the first floor of the NTNU automotive workshop. Both systems are connected to the grid but do not perform grid feed-in. A central control unit (CCU) was implemented to link the inverter outputs of both systems, enabling energy exchange between the two solar systems. Through this architecture, the study conducted field tests and evaluations focused on energy dispatch efficiency, carbon reduction, and economic benefits.Initially, tests were performed under normal solar power supply conditions for both single-sided and dual-sided load configurations. The single-sided load scenario refers to connecting loads only to S01, with S02 remaining unloaded. The dual-sided load scenario connects loads to both S01 and S02. Results indicate that the sin-gle-sided load configuration provides good dispatch stability and energy flexibility, effectively integrating solar and storage resources. Across load ranges from 200W to 1,000W, it maintained a dispatch duration ratio of about 30%. As the load increases, both energy-saving and carbon reduction benefits improve accordingly, with annual power savings reaching 1,095 kWh and annual carbon reduction totaling 518.3 kgCO₂e. However, in the dual-sided load scenario, the simultaneous consumption of energy by both sides tends to reduce the dispatch duration ratio to below 10%. Notably, when the loads are asymmetrically distributed (e.g., 800W/200W), the opportunities for dis-patch and the energy-saving ratio (up to 16%) are significantly enhanced, indicating optimization potential.Based on experimental results, further analysis was conducted under a total load of 1,000W (S01/S02), divided into three groups: symmetric (500W/500W), asymmet-ric (800W/200W), and single-sided (1,000W/0W). The influence of different load dis-tribution strategies on dispatch behavior was investigated. The symmetric group, with similar load pressure on both sides, found it difficult to trigger effective power dis-patch, limiting the synergy of the CCU. In contrast, the clearly asymmetric group ena-bled more frequent and prolonged energy exchange, granting the purchasing side longer charging durations, alleviating storage pressure, and reducing battery over-discharge frequency—thus improving system stability and energy utilization. While the single-sided group can maximize CCU economic benefits, it also causes frequent battery protection triggers, increasing the risk of malfunction and accelerated aging over time. Comparatively, asymmetric load distribution can balance dispatch efficiency and battery lifespan, offering superior optimization potential.Regarding fault tolerance, when a single-side solar module fails on a single-sided load, the system is proneto voltage drops and frequent dispatching under medium to high load conditions, increasing the energy storage burden and reducing power supply stability—especially prominent during sustained 1,600W operation. In contrast, under dual-sided load, if the load on the normally operating side is relatively small, the sys-tem can more easily initiate power dispatch to support the faulty side, thus realizing the microgrid’s backup function and enhancing overall system resilience.In terms of economic benefits, calculations based on Taipower’s 2024 peak elec-tricity price (NT$4.9/kWh) and the carbon emission factor (0.474 kgCO₂e/kWh) show that single-sided load can save over NT$1,000 annually on electricity costs and pro-vide significant carbon fee reductions. However, adopting a suitable asymmetric load (S01: 800W/S02: 200W) achieves a better balance between economic returns and sys-tem stability. It is therefore recommended that future designs incorporate intelligent dispatch strategies and master-slave load configurations to further enhance system feasibility and stability across diverse application scenarios.
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Keywords
太陽能微電網, 升壓轉換器, 隔離型逆變器, 電力調度, 中央控制單元, Solar Microgrid, Boost Converter, Isolated Inverter, Power dispatching, Central Control Unit