多元社會下地方公眾發展認知與共識策略之研究--以高雄市為例
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Date
2006-12-01
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國立臺北大學公共行政暨政策學系
Abstract
高雄是臺灣南部第一大城與臺灣第二個直轄市。近年來高雄正由一個依賴重工業的都市轉型為以服務業為主的都市,但在這過程中,失業率的增加與產業結構的調整卻成為當前地區發展所面對的首要挑戰。由於兩岸已於2002年加入世界貿易組織(World Trade Organization, WTO)成為正式會員,與此同時,高雄亦爭取到2009年世界運動會的主辦權,在此情況下,高雄地區將同時面對全球化競爭趨勢下的人才資金流失危機,與獲取國際焦點、邁向國際舞臺的轉機,如此發展情勢比過去更具挑戰性。兼以長期以來中央政策的推展較少結合地方多元民意需求,導致地方發展資源未予適切配置;而長期被忽視的結果也造成多元群體對地方發展事務被動冷漠,究其原因之一,乃在於地方公私部門間長期缺乏理性溝通與互動所致。因此,高雄在進行地區行銷(place marketing)中對外招商、吸引產業與人才的同時,如何促進地區內部各界積極參與及共識達成,才是更為根本與迫切的工作。 本研究先以汪明生等(2004,2005)所提出的「公共事務管理整合參考架構」為論述基礎,分就條件面軟硬體建設、本質面多元群體認知,以及行為面中的經濟、社會、政治、政府、公共政策與公共管理等結構層面,分析高雄當前所面臨到的地方發展問題;其次,應用認知讀線理論(Cognitive Continuum Theory, CCT)探討不同群體在面對地方發展時,所採取的直覺與分析認知型式之異同。最後以「面臨2009世運會之高雄地方發展與競爭策略」作為觸發問題的核心,藉由互動管理(Interactive Management, IM)(Warfield, 1994)探求高雄地區最適發展方向,IM成果則以澄題結構展現。 研究結果發現,在高雄地方發展條件面,面臨產業結構失衡、人才引進與培育不足、港口吞吐量流失與自由貿易港區的挑戰;在本質面,多元群體在判斷地方發展事務時呈現出偏直覺-偏分析的認知思考模式差異。至在行為面,IM參與者對於高雄地方發展策略之研議有別於政府單向的施政規劃,顯示高雄今日的發展落入解決了錯誤問題的型三錯誤(type Ⅲ error)(Dunn, 1994)迷思中,致地方發展行動多事倍而功半。因此研究建議,面臨市場經濟、多元社會、民主政治與效能政府的時代發展趨勢,若能藉由集體決策體制聯結個體與群體,導引地方公眾進行獨立思考、理性論辯與公開表達,相信有助於創造地方發展的公共價值,進而重塑地方競爭優勢。本論文所介紹的方法與成果應可提供有關單位了解多元民意認知取向與舉辦地方發展公民會議相關作法之參考。
Kaohsiung is transforming from a city of heavy industries into one of service industries, the rate of unemployment and adjustment of industry structure are becoming the real challenges for local development. During WTO and the 2009 World Games, moreover, Kaohsiung is expected to rise to the challenge of risks. Meanwhile, demand of citizens in Kaohsiung are not fully corresponded to public policies made by central government, and most of the people don't care as much as should local affairs because of lack of effective communications between public and private sectors. Therefore, in city marketing efforts, it would be more important to encourage participation and integrate multiple sectors' opinions as "internal marketing" rather than just trying to attract businesses to the city. An integrated public affair management (PAM) framework (Wang et al., 2004, 2005) is adopted do describe situations in the pluralistic societies. Then we introduce the Cognitive Continuum Theory (CCT) adopted by Hammond et al., (1987) and Interactive Management (IM) technique developed by Warfield (1994). Results of studies are: 1) the problems of Kaohsiung's local development on structure of industry, human resource and port of Kaohsiung, 2) in the CCT studies there exist quite a few differences of cognition and modes of cognition presented tend to "intuition" or "analysis" between limited information, and 3) the IM analysis include competitive strategies for Kaohsiung's local development and an problematique diagram to demonstrate the structure of strategies. The conclusion is that, although there exist diversities of opinions among multiple stakeholders in Kaohsiung, they can be quite effectively addressed with the IM technique. Methods and results introduced and used here should be of value to relevant agencies about public forum and citizen conference.
Kaohsiung is transforming from a city of heavy industries into one of service industries, the rate of unemployment and adjustment of industry structure are becoming the real challenges for local development. During WTO and the 2009 World Games, moreover, Kaohsiung is expected to rise to the challenge of risks. Meanwhile, demand of citizens in Kaohsiung are not fully corresponded to public policies made by central government, and most of the people don't care as much as should local affairs because of lack of effective communications between public and private sectors. Therefore, in city marketing efforts, it would be more important to encourage participation and integrate multiple sectors' opinions as "internal marketing" rather than just trying to attract businesses to the city. An integrated public affair management (PAM) framework (Wang et al., 2004, 2005) is adopted do describe situations in the pluralistic societies. Then we introduce the Cognitive Continuum Theory (CCT) adopted by Hammond et al., (1987) and Interactive Management (IM) technique developed by Warfield (1994). Results of studies are: 1) the problems of Kaohsiung's local development on structure of industry, human resource and port of Kaohsiung, 2) in the CCT studies there exist quite a few differences of cognition and modes of cognition presented tend to "intuition" or "analysis" between limited information, and 3) the IM analysis include competitive strategies for Kaohsiung's local development and an problematique diagram to demonstrate the structure of strategies. The conclusion is that, although there exist diversities of opinions among multiple stakeholders in Kaohsiung, they can be quite effectively addressed with the IM technique. Methods and results introduced and used here should be of value to relevant agencies about public forum and citizen conference.