運動輔助判決技術的發展歷程—以球類運動為例

Abstract

在運動競技的舞台上，隨著全球化與商業化的發展，選手與觀眾對比賽公正性的需求日益提升。隨著科技不斷的進步，各類運動輔助判決技術應運而生，旨在強化比賽的公平性與準確性。從早期的電視回放系統逐步演進至現代的數位化系統，例如網球的鷹眼系統、棒球的電子好球帶，以及足球的VAR及半自動越位技術等，這些技術已成為現代運動不可或缺的一環。這些技術不僅顯著降低誤判率，還重塑了比賽的生態結構與裁判的專業角色。然而，技術的應用亦帶來挑戰，如比賽流暢性中斷、技術誤判爭議，以及裁判角色的倫理爭議等問題，促使本研究深入探討其發展歷程與影響。本研究首先爬梳各種輔助判決技術的發展歷程，進而探討輔助判決所產生的挑戰、爭議與倫理議題。研究採用訪談法與文件分析法，聚焦足球、網球、羽球、籃球、棒球與板球等球類運動，詳述輔助判決系統所使用的技術原理及發展歷程，以及實施過程中遇到的挑戰與爭議。同時，透過訪談資深裁判與選手，深入探討輔助判決系統的引入對於裁判行為、比賽生態及運動文化的深遠影響。研究結論指出，未來輔助判決系統有可能在AI的驅動下逐步取代裁判部分功能。但目前輔助判決系統與裁判的角色仍是相輔相成的，輔助判決系統尚無法完全取代裁判的工作，裁判也需要透過輔助判決系統持續精進判讀的敏銳度與決策的精準性，從而成為主動駕馭科技，而非被動依賴科技的專業執法者。同時，AI與其他新興技術的發展雖然能分擔判罰責任，減輕裁判的心理壓力，但這也引發另一層次的思考，我們在追求「零誤判」的同時，是否也削弱了比賽的戲劇性與張力。In the context of contemporary sports, the advancement of globalization and commercialization has heightened demands for fairness and accuracy from both athletes and spectators. The rapid development of technology has given rise to assistance technology designed to enhance the integrity of competitions. Evolving from early instant replay system to modern digital system such as the Hawk-Eye system in tennis, Automated Ball-Strike System in baseball, and Video Assistant Referee (VAR) and Semi-Automated Offside Technology (SAOT) in soccer, these systems have become integral to modern sports. They not only reduce the error rate, but also reshape the ecological structure of the game and redefine the role of referees. Despite these advantages, the integration of assistance technology has generated new challenges, including interruptions in game flow, technical controversies, and ethical debates concerning refereeing authority. This study investigates the development history of assistance technology and critically examines the associated challenges, controversies, and ethical implications. Employing interviews and document analysis, the research focuses on ball sports such as soccer, tennis, badminton, basketball, baseball, and cricket, and detailing the technological principles, development history, and practical issues surrounding implementation. Insights from interviews with senior referees and players further illuminate the impact of assistance technology on refereeing behavior, competition structures, and sporting culture. Findings indicate that while AI may progressively assume certain refereeing functions in the future. However, at present, the roles of referees and assistance technology remain complementary rather than fully substitutive. Referees must continue to refine their interpretive sensitivity and decision-making accuracy with technological support, thereby actively mastering rather than passively relying on it. Moreover, although the development of AI and other emerging technologies may share the responsibility of refereeing and reduce psychological pressure on referees, it also raise deeper questions about whether the pursuit of"zero error" diminishes the inherent drama and tension that define the essence of sport.