臺北市金融地理：本國銀行總部及外商銀行的區位動態與演變

Abstract

金融產業為臺北市經濟發展過程中的要角，其產業分布地必然成為都市最具象徵性的「地標」區位。自清代西方資本家透過洋行買辦放貸，將臺北市的金融地理吸附至茶貿易鼎盛的大稻埕地區。歷史進程至近期的信義計畫區，其中的金融產業湧現如同製造產業的群聚效應一般，呈現大幅靠攏趨勢。探討臺北市的金融區位匯集地，也就可大幅說明臺北這個都市逐漸生成的模樣與方向。金融產業群聚現象並非如同製造業上下游生產鏈的集合，而是對辦公地點的選擇鍾情於能見度最高之處，因此呈現眾多「總部」比鄰而市的現象。推溯臺北市金融地理的總部群聚概況，最早本土老牌金融業以臺北車站一帶為主要設置地點，之後成立的本土銀行與外商銀行則集中於被稱作「臺北華爾街」的民生東路、南京東路、敦化南北路。近期信義計畫區打著「臺北曼哈頓」的口號，成功地吸引國內及外資金融產業，更成為金融產業總部進駐的首選地段。在金融全球化與自由化的浪潮下，臺北金融業總部的區位選擇顯然和「地理已死」的宣稱逆道而行。 本研究的問題意識即是以金融業運籌帷幄之「總部」為研究主軸，探討金融產業總部群聚區位功能獲取與城市規劃支持為何。從各種層面，包含制度、企業、規模、市場、歷史發展、城市規劃、金融法令、資金來源、相關產業對金融產業的形塑過程，連結至總部群聚效應的網絡關係，並釐清產業區位選擇的大致趨向作為研究之主要章節內容。依此，本研究主要的目的有以下三點：一、分析臺北市金融產業的歷史發展與變遷。二、探究臺北市金融地理群聚發展中各能動力量對區位特性建構之過程。反之，群聚特性對能動力量及其區位反饋的效應為何。三、探討臺北市金融地理跨至中國大陸之空間修補的區域群聚現況為何，包括政策的開放與其他的限制對其地理擴張的影響。 最後第三點，即隨著政策開放之下，金融業者展開兩岸金融交流，並且將其產業空間延伸至大陸來解決其內部危機的現況為何，亦是本研究試圖回答的問題，並藉由此類議題，體現未來臺市北金融地理的侷限與機會。The financial industry has been playing a key role in the process of Taipei’s economic development. Its place of industrial distribution is inevitably the most symbolic landmark location in the city. In the Qing dynasty, Western capitalists drew Taipei’s financial geography to the tea trade-flourishing Dadaocheng district through loans. Today, in Xinyi planning district, the financial industry is springing up like the manufacturing industry, demonstrating an aggregation trend. A discussion of Taipei’s financial converging area is a demonstration of how this city has grown and where it might be going. In effect, the financial industry’s clustering phenomenon is not a congregation of the overall production chain like the manufacturing industry; rather, it prefers the highest visibility in choosing place of offices. Therefore, a great number of headquarters have gathered up here. In the past, however, the first local financial brands mostly were settled around Taipei Railway Station. Then, local banks and foreign banks found their way to the so-called “Taipei Wall Street” – Minsheng E. Rd., Nanjing E. Rd., and Dunhua S.-N. Rd. In recent years, by promoting itself with a “Taipei Manhattan”, Xinyi planning district has successfully drawn financial enterprises from Taiwanand abroad and proceeded to become the first choice for the financial industry headquarters. Under the trend of financial globalization and liberalization, the location selection of the financial industry headquarters in Taipei is an obvious contradiction of the so-called “the end of geography”. This study aimed to discuss the clustering function of financial headquarters and their support of city planning. This was undertaken from all aspected, including the system, enterprise, size, the market, history development, city development, fund sources, related sectors to the forming of the financial sector, even the network relations of the headquarters clustering effect. Moreover, the general trend of how an industry location is choosn constituted the content of this study. Accordingly, the present research was purported to: firstly, analyze the history development and change of Taipei’s financial industry; secondly, discuss the process in which each dynamic power affects constrution of location characteristics in the clustering development of Taipei’s financial geography; by constrast, what is the effect of clustering on the dynamic power and its location feedback? and thirdly, explore the status quo of Taiwanese financial firms going to China in terms of location clustering, including effects of an open-door policy and other restrictions on their expansion. In respect of the final point, as an open-door policy was revealed, financial firms began exchange across the Taiwan Strait by extending their industry territory to the mainland. How are they dealing with their internal crisis? Through such issues, this study attempted to identify the confinement and opportunity of Taipei’s financial geography in the future.