超現實主義的圖像研究-以達利與馬格利特為例

Abstract

摘 要 本研究主要目的是透過了解超現實主義的由來、相關的理論、達利與馬格利特成長背景及繪畫風格的演變，從而歸納相關資料，探討兩人在表現手法、表現主題、繪畫理論的相異點，並做統整與分析。

而達利和馬格利特雖同為超現實主義畫派的畫家，卻也因為成長背景、個性及際遇不同，在表現的手法也截然不同，達利熱衷於精神學派的佛洛伊德的理論，並將其理論忠實地實踐在畫布上；而馬格利特卻認為自己只是將看到的事物描繪出來，並不想探索任何象徵。馬格利特總是穿著宛若醫生的乾淨服裝，不喜歡太顯眼的打扮，和妻子過著平靜的生活，也從未製造過醜聞和鬧劇，相較於達利的誇張、怪異、喜歡惹人關注，紙醉金迷的生活，兩人畫面的呈現也有著顯著的不同。也因為兩人的差異性大，故想要探討兩人是否有和共通性，也想了解兩人的畫作是否都可以用佛洛伊德的理論來解釋。

根據相關的書籍和論文資料，找出兩人有幾個相似處： 一、表現手法的相同處有：雙重影像、拆解重組、物質轉變。 二、表現主題的相同處有：女人、名畫重新詮釋。

而在整理兩人畫作時，也發現了兩人慣用的圖像與日常生活事物有關，像是女人、火、煙斗、錶、帽子、喇吧、棺材、蘋果…等，如果說達利是佛洛伊德學說的奉行者，大家可能不會感到意外，但馬格利特呢?他使用了的許多圖像，若以佛洛伊德《夢的解析》裡的解釋來分析，都和性或慾望有關，但他卻表達他的圖是沒有象徵意義的，這是對佛洛伊德的挑戰，又或是他幽默的表現呢?

本論文前半部是文獻探討：達利和馬格利特相關部份主要是希望藉由分析兩人的創作特質，及其繪畫風格演變之歷程，了解超現實主義的發展及理論基礎，如:精神分析、完形心理學、辯證法..等研究方法，以進行畫作的探討。

本論文後半部屬研究分析與結果，將兩人相同畫作主題、表現手法分類，每幅作品不僅剖析其獨特的藝術特質，以及與當時藝術發展的關聯性，再進行彙整與比較。經由這個研究過程，除了了解兩人繪畫風格與特色，也了解其作品 對近代藝術的啟發和帶給後代多大的影響力，進而肯定其藝術的表現及價值。

關鍵詞：夢的解析、名畫重新詮釋、變形的圖像ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this research is to study from the origin of surrealis m, the related theory, the growth background of Dali and Magritte and the evolution of painting style to summarize the relevant data. And to analyze the differences of their performance skills, performance themes, and painting theory.

Dali and Magritte are both the painters of surrealism. But their performances are different due to their different growth background, personality and life experience. Dali’s keen on the theory of the Freud’s philosophical theory and to practice the theory on the canvas. Magritte thought that he would only describe the things that he saw and did not want to explore the symbol behind. Magritte is always wearing a clean dress like a doctor and do not like the conspicuous dress. He lives a quiet life with his wife and never makes scandal and farce. Comparing to Dali’s exaggerated, weird, attractiveness and voluptuous life, they have very different life and performance works.

And since the significantly difference is existed, I’d like to explore whether if they have in common. And I also want to find out if we could use Freud’s theory to explain both men’s painting works. According to the relevant books and papers, we could see they have some similarities: 1. The common technique of expression: double image, dismantling and reorganizing and material change 2. The common theme of performance: Women, Reinterpreted of famous painting.

After studying the painting works of both men’s, we could observe that their commonly used icons are related to the daily living things, such as women, fires, pipes, clocks, hats, trumpets, coffins and apples etc. It’s not surprised if we said Dali is the pursuer of Freudian doctrine. But how about Magritte? He also uses lots of Images. And if we analyze them with Freud's “Interpretation of Dreams”, we could say that they are all related to the sexuality and desire. But Magritte said that his Images are no symbol meanings. Is this a challenge to Freud or just kind of humor?

The first part of this thesis is literature study of Dali and Magritte. The main issue is to analyze their creative character and the evolution of painting style, so that we could realize the development and theoretical basis of Surrealism. And we could use these research methods such as Psychoanalysis, Gestalt psychology and Dialectics to analyze their painting works. The second part of this thesis is research analysis and conclusion. I classify their works as the same painting themes and expression techniques. I analyze the unique artistic character of each painting works and find out the relevance of artistic development at that time. And then I do the compilation and comparison. Through this research process, we could not only understand their painting style and characteristics but also realize the impact of their works on modern art and how much influences they give to future generations. And we could affirm the performance and values of their arts.

Keywords : Interpretation of Dreams, Reinterpreted of famous paintings, Deformed picture,im