教師著作
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Item 農家代間的孝道責任期待：不同性別、世代之分析(中華家政學會, 1999-12-01) 林如萍; 鄭淑子; 高淑貴本研究旨在了解台灣農家之代間孝道責任期待，研究設計中將「對兒子」及「對女兒」的孝道責任期待分別呈現、加以比較，並以「性別」及「年齡」兩個變項為主軸，進一步分析農家不同性別、世代之孝道責任期待。研究於台灣地區北、中、南、東四區共計抽選十六個鄉鎮，以農家為對象選取640個樣本，其中有效樣本613個，以問卷訪問方式搜集資料。本研究主要發現為：（一）農家對成年兒子的孝道責任期待主要是：老病時與其同住、接受照料、給生活費及返家探望、電話或信件連繫等；對成年女兒的孝道責任期待則主要是：平日以電話或信件聯繫、時常返家探望、和父母聊天傾聽心事以及年節、生日送禮表達心意。（二）就性別差異來看，女性對與兒子同住的期待較低；並且，女性對女兒的孝道期待較男性高。（三）就世代差異而言，對於父母老、病應與兒子同住、由兒子負責照顧他，不同世代均有九成以上表示同意，且世代間無顯著差異，看法相當一致。但就給父母生活費、年節生日送父母禮物、紅包，年輕與中年世代表示同意的比例均高於老年世代。再者，年齡層愈低對兒子情感方面的孝道責任期待愈高。另一方面，對女兒的孝道責任期待，隨年齡增加呈現下降之趨勢，老年世代對女兒的孝道責任期待顯著低於其他世代，換言之，隨時代變遷，女兒在農家代間之孝道責任角色有逐漸重要之趨勢。（四）整體而言，今日台灣農家之代間孝道責任期待是「改變中亦有所不變」。「同住」由必然之規範，轉而為：以老年父母健康為考量之「有條件」同住；而女兒在農家代間孝道責任中之角色雖有加重之趨勢，但父系社會居住、經濟「從夫、從子」之規範仍未有所動搖。Item 農家老人社會網絡關係初探(中華家政學會, 1999-12-01) 鄭淑子; 林如萍; 高淑貴本研究旨在瞭解目前農家老人的社會網絡關係，分別由農家老人的社會網絡範圍與組成及社會網絡連繫特質加以探討。並由傳統文化、規範背景，解析形成農家老人社會網絡關係的相關因素。研究以三角測量法進行，採量化的社會調查法及質化的深入訪談法。本研究以農家老人為研究對象，由全省北、中、南、東地區的十六個鄉鎮選出320人，進行問卷訪問，實得有效問卷306份；另一方面，就受訪老人中取出十五位進行深入訪談。研究結果發現，受訪者的社會網絡範圍組成中，親屬比例高達0.9307，而鄰居比例及朋友比例皆極低。農家老人目前是在就業者、子女數較多者，其社會網絡較大。社會網絡組成的關係類型中，以兒子的比例最高。受訪者與形成網絡的成員感到「非常親近」、「親近」者達四分之三；與網絡成員的「見面頻率」、「電話頻率」皆以「幾乎每天」為最多，其網絡成員中有三分之二與受訪者住在同鄉鎮內，農家老人與網絡成員形成強連繫。Item 老年父母與其最親密的成年子女之代間連帶(中華家政學會, 1999-12-29) 林如萍本研究旨在探討農家之代間關係，應用代間連帶理論加以分析，針對308位六十五歲(含)以上的農家老人，就其與最親密的成年子女之代間連帶加以研究。研究以結構訪問法進行量化資料蒐集，並兼採深入訪問方式以獲得質化資料，合併予以分析、討論。本研究之重要結論如下：(一).農家之代間連帶為多面向建構，代間結構、關聯、情感、規範及功能等連帶元素間存在不同程度的相關；(二).農家老人與成年子女之代間情感連帶可歸納為：依附之情、照料之情與期望之情；並且，代間規範連帶會影響情感連帶；(三).農家老人與最親密的成年子女之關聯連帶很高，而結構連帶為代間關係之「機會結構」，是影響代間關聯連帶之關鍵因素；另一方面，規範連帶則並不影響關聯連帶；(四).農家老人與最親密的成年子女之規範連帶很高，並且老年父親和母親並無差異；而老人特質及結構連帶等變項不足以解釋代間規範連帶；(五).農家代間存在相互協助關係，功能連帶主要受到規範連帶影響；並且，老年父親和母親與成年子女之功能連帶存在顯著差異；(六).農家代間之結構連帶、關聯連帶及功能連帶三者之關係，視代間協助項目之性質不同而存在差異；(七).整體而言，農家之代間連帶以規範連帶為核心，代間情感連帶、功能連帶均受其影響，規範連帶的強度促成代間情感連結與相互協助。Item Effects of Isoflavones-Containing Soy Protein Isolate as Compared to Fish Protein on Serum Lipids and Susceptibility of Low-Density Lipoprotein and Liver Lipids to in vitro Oxidation in Hamsters.(ELSEVIER, 1999-04-01) Po-Jung Tsai and Po-Chao HuangThe effects of dietary soy protein isolate (SPI), ethanol-extracted SPI (E-SPI) low in isoflavones, and fish protein (FP) on the concentration of blood lipids and the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to copper-induced oxidation were compared in male golden Syrian hamsters fed a moderate hypercholesterolemic semi-purified diet for 10 weeks. SPI, E-SPI, and FP were incorporated into the isonitrogenous experimental diets as protein sources. The SPI group exhibited significantly lower serum total cholesterol concentration compared with the E-SPI group (P < 0.05) and the FP group (P < 0.01). Both the SPI and E-SPI groups showed lower LDL cholesterol (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively) and less LDL apolipoprotein B (P < 0.01) compared with the FP group. The distribution pattern of serum lipoprotein cholesterol fractions of the SPI and E-SPI groups were similar to each other, but different from that of the FP group. The lysine/arginine ratio of the three diets was significantly correlated with serum total cholesterol concentration (r = 0.462, P = 0.023). The resistance of LDL to copper-induced oxidation was greater in the SPI group than in the E-SPI and FP groups as assessed by the lower concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and the longer lag time required for the formation of conjugated dienes (P < 0.01). Livers of hamsters fed the FP diet had a higher amount of TBARS than those of hamsters fed SPI (P < 0.01) and E-SPI (P < 0.05) diets. The SPI diet showed sparing effects on α-tocopherol contents in both serum and liver. It seems likely that soy isoflavones protect the circulating and membrane lipids by sparing α-tocopherol and endogenous antioxidants.Item Circadian variations in plasma and erythrocytes concentrations of glutamate, glutamine, aspartate and alanine in male adults on a diet without and with added monosodium glutamate.(ELSEVIER, 1999-11-01) Po-Jung Tsai and Po-Chao HuangVariations in plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of glutamate, glutamine, and alanine during the day were studied in 10 healthy men fed orinary Taiwanese meals, first without and, 1 week later, with monosodium glutamate (MSG) added. MSG at a level of 15, 40, and 45 mg/kg (total, 100 mg/kg/d) was added, respectively, to the breakfast, lunch, and dinner meals. Heparinized blood samples were collected over 24 hours with 1- to 3-hour intervals. In both trials, plasma glutamate concentrations increased significantly after lunch and dinner. Although the circadian variations of plasma glutamate were small (between 32 and 53 μmol/L), the levels nevertheless varied significantly as a function of the time of day in both trials. Considering that the dietary intake of glutamate was high when MSG was added, the low plasma glutamate concentration over 24 hours indicates that glutamate is actively metabolized. On the other hand, the concentrations of erythrocyte glutamate (507 to 631 μmol/L) and glutamine (427 to 613 μmol/L) did not show a significant postprandial increase or circadian variation. Nevertheless, the concentration of plasma glutamine (539 to 657 μmol/L) varied significantly as a function of time in both trials. The plasma concentration of alanine (274 to 494 μmol/L) increased significantly after each meal and decreased significantly from 2:00 to 5:00 AM in both trials. Both plasma and erythrocyte alanine concentrations varied significantly as a function of time. These results show that the substantial amount of MSG intake had no apparent effect on the circadian variation profiles of blood glutamate, glutamine, and alanine.Item 由飲食營養到疾病形態之橋樑－中式飲食頻率問卷之研發及施行應用(1999-08-01) 盧立卿Item 慢性疾病營養諮詢之需求評估－以痛風為先驅研究主題(1999-10-01) 盧立卿在營養師法通過實施後十四年以來，國內由於飲食不當及生活型態失調所導致的慢性疾病罹患率及死亡率 仍節節攀高。造成個人的痛苦與消耗國家大量的醫療資源。然而防治慢性疾病所必需的營養諮詢工作卻長 久以來為健保給付制度、醫療服務人員、甚至一般社會大眾所忽略。針對個人及家庭的營養諮詢服務無論 在住院或門診醫療，皆是重要的醫療保健功能之一。台灣由於近年來社會文化發展遠趕不上經濟科技的腳 步，造成即使是最應著重長期飲食控制的慢性疾病醫療，往往也急功近利，忽略飲食指導的幫助。其中相 關的社會行為因素很多，但深入探討實際需求及不受重視原因之相關研究卻十分缺乏。 本研究計畫將並重質性與量性的研究方法，以慢性疾病中對飲食醫療具有爭議性，國人常患的痛風為此 先驅性研究的第一項主題，希望深入了解國人不重視營養諮詢對慢性疾病（痛風）防治的社會行為原因何 在？問題何在？並謀改進之道。研究方法包括：1．實際參與觀察法 (observational participation method)。實際 觀查了解四家公私立醫療院所營養諮詢門診進行實況。2．焦點團體訪談 (focus group interview)。將包括三 大類團體，痛風患者、公私立醫療院所營養師、和大學營養科目教學人員。每個團體組成為8-10人，經由 謹的訪談設計，針對痛風營養諮詢之當今需求作評估。3．痛風病患、醫護人員、及營養師問卷調查。以 構式，半開放式問卷，對痛風初發(n=50)、再發之病患(n=50)，有從事營養諮詢營養師(n=50)，及醫護人員 (n=50)作需求及效能調查。 本研究目的為深入瞭解1．痛風防治現況。2．營養諮詢所扮演的角色。3．病患、醫護人員，及營養師對 營養諮詢之需求及效能評估。4．營養諮詢方式之檢討與改進。希望經由此針對痛風的先驅性"質"與"量"並 重的研究設計，能為國內慢性病防治與飲食指導之需求及效果評估以及相關社會行為探討開啟新的研究思 考方向；並幫助營養專業人員與醫療政策企劃人員瞭解需求、提昇醫療服務品質，以期降低慢性疾病長期 醫療及社會成本。Item 高密度脂蛋白之影響因素－飲食、體能及荷爾蒙（上篇：飲食）(臺灣營養學會, 1999-09-01) Lyu L-C, Lai Y-C, Wu W-H高密度脂蛋白(HDL)為蛋白質含量最高，密度最大，循環在血液中之脂蛋白(lipoprotein)。HDL在反轉膽固醇運輸機制中扮演主要之角色，因為它會與血中游離的膽固醇以及與周邊組織代謝的膽固醇結合，將其運送到肝臟代謝，減少粥狀動脈硬化之危險，所以俗稱為好的脂蛋白。美國在1988及1993年的國家膽固醇教育計畫(National Cholesterol Education Program, NCEP)中，增加了高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)<35mg/dL，列為與糖尿病、高血壓等危險因數同樣重要的主要導致冠狀動脈心臟病危險因數之一。所以需不需要提高HDL-C？如何提高HDL-C？是營養從業人員常被詢問的問題。本篇針對飲食對高密度脂蛋白之影響作一文獻回顧。一般而言，飲食中醣類攝取與HDL-C多呈負相關，而膽固醇及總脂肪攝取量與HDL-C多呈正相關，脂肪的飽和度及雙鍵位置也可能HDL-C有所影響，蛋白質種類及攝取量對HDL-C影響不大。酒精攝取量是飲食中影響高密度脂蛋白濃度最明顯之因素。Item Independent and joint effects of family history and lifestyle on colorectal cancer risk: implications for prevention(1999-01-01) Le Marchand L, Wikens LR, Hankin JH, Kolonel L, Lyu L-CIt has been suggested that, for a substantial proportion of "sporadic" colorectal cancers (CRCs), inheritance determines individual susceptibility and that lifestyle determines which susceptible individuals express cancer. Because the genetic basis of this inherited susceptibility remains undefined, we used family history of the disease as a proxy for a genetic predisposition to examine its interactions with a variety of lifestyle factors in a large population-based case-control study of CRC. The subjects were 698 male and 494 female Japanese, Caucasian, Filipino, Hawaiian, and Chinese patients diagnosed with CRC in Hawaii during 1987-1991 and 1192 population controls matched to cases on age, sex, and ethnicity. Fourteen percent of the cases and 6% of the controls reported a family history of CRC among parents or siblings. After adjusting for other covariates, significant interactions with family history were found for beef and ethanol intakes in males (P = 0.03). Relative to men without a family history and whose intake fell in the lower third, odds ratios (ORs) for CRC for men with a family history and in the upper tertile of intake were 10.8 [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.2-27.6] and 7.5 (CI, 3.1-18.2) for beef and ethanol, respectively. The corresponding ORs for men without a family history and in the upper tertile were 1.5 (CI, 1.0-2.3) and 1.4 (CI, 1.0-1.9), respectively. No interactions were detected in women. Using a summary measure of lifestyle, we found that family history was not associated with CRC among men who were at the lower-risk tertile for all of the lifestyle risk factors. In contrast, the OR for men with a family history and at the higher-risk tertile for all of the lifestyle variables was 11.7 (CI, 5.8-23.9). In the absence of a family history, this OR was 4.8 (CI, 3.2-7.2). These data suggest that family history increases the risk of sporadic CRC in men mainly through its interaction with lifestyle exposures, primarily a high beef and ethanol intake, and are consistent with recent reports of effect modifications of dietary associations by metabolic genes. Computation of population attributable risks also suggested that a comprehensive reduction in exposure to lifestyle risk factors--and more specifically to ethanol and beef for individuals with a familial predisposition for the disease--may have a large beneficial effect on CRC incidence.Item 飲食對血液脂蛋白之影響(臺灣師範大學人類發展與家庭學系, 1999-06-01) Lai Y-C, Lyu L-C去年所公佈的第三次國民飲食調查發現臺灣地區年輕一代的飲食習慣逐漸趨向西化，而與飲食攝取習慣習習相關的粥狀動脈硬化及心血管疾病也一直高居國人前十大死因中；所以經由了解飲食與血中脂蛋白濃度之相關性，有助於降低粥狀動脈硬化及其相關慢性疾病的發生，並可提供國人飲食習慣的參考建議。由文獻中可見，高碳水化合物低脂肪飲食可降低血中脂蛋白濃度；而飲食中膽固醇、總脂肪含量、飽和脂肪酸與酒精等的攝取量增加，會使血中不論是高密度脂蛋白或低密度脂蛋白濃度均會隨著上升；飲食中增加膳食纖維的攝取量則有助於降低血中低密度脂蛋白的濃度。除了飲食因素的控制之外，適度的維持理想體重和持之以恆的運動習慣也有助於降低低密度脂蛋白及提高血中高密度脂蛋白的濃度，增加身體對粥狀動脈硬化及其相關慢性疾病的保護機制。