海洋環境科技研究所(104學年度起合併至地科系)
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在全球環境急遽變遷及資源耗竭下,環境議題日受重視,「環境教育」自1970年代起即成為先進國家積極推動的專業;近年來聯合國教科文組織更倡議將2005~2014訂為「永續發展教育十年」,呼籲各國積極推動環境教育及「永續發展教育」之研究與發展。國立台灣師範大學環境教育研究所為國內第一個設立的「環境教育研究所」,於民國八十二年開始招收碩士班研究生,並於民國九十五學年度起增設博士班,積極培養環境教育專業人才、推動學校及社會之環境教育與學術研究。近年則積極參與區域與地方永續發展相關研究及推廣教育,推動綠色學校、永續校園、綠色大學、自然教育中心、環境學習中心等,並與國際著名大學或研究中心合作,朝向亞太「永續教育區域專業中心」(Regional Center for Expertise on Education for Sustainable Development)發展。
本所努力方向:- 學術研究國際化,進行環境教育及永續發展創新研究,提昇學術實力;
- 深化環境教育相關理論與應用研究,培養專業人才;
- 進行環境教育教與方案之研發、應用與評估,提昇環境教育專業品質;
- 協助政府與民間進行環境教育系統規劃、政策研究與人力培訓發展,增進整體社會環境倫理與典範轉移;
- 協助政府與民間運用不同自然環境與文化資源,開創環境學習場域,提供全民多元環境學習機會,提昇國民環境素養。
依據本所98.5.22課程委員會、理學院98.5.30課程委員會及本校98.6.2.校級課程委員會三級課程委員會通過之「環境教育研究所課程架構與學生能力指標」, 本所之發展願景、教育目標及學生能力指標如下:
- 一、發展願景
- 發展成為世界第一流的環境教育研究與教學機構,引領國內環境教育之推展;
- 學術研究國際化,進行環境教育及永續發展創新研究,提昇學術研究實力;
- 環境關懷在地化,培育具有深刻環境關懷及環境教育專業能力之人才;
- 學理探討深刻化,奠立環境教育相關理論及哲學基礎,培育兼具科學基礎與環境倫理之優秀研究人才;
- 環境素養跨界化,提升科學及人文素養,培養理解自然與人文領域之整合能力,推動永續科學及永續教育之研究與社會實踐
- 二、教育發展目標
- (一)博士班教育目標:
- 培育具有精深學術素養與環境哲思基礎的環境教育學術研究人才;
- 培育國家環境教育領域之領導與創新專業人才;
- 培育兼具科學及人文素養,發展永續科學與永續教育領域之研究人才;
- 培育大專院校與人才培訓機構之環境教育相關領域研究與教學師資;
- 培育國內外環境保育、環境學習、永續產業的研究教學及專業研發人才。
- (二)碩士班教學目標:
- 培育具備環境倫理及環境素養之環境教育專業人才;
- 培育以永續發展科學為基礎的永續教育推動及管理人才;
- 培育各級學校具有學科整合能力之環境系統管理及環境教育規劃人才;
- 培養環境保護與自然保育行政部門的教育訓練規劃及整合推動之人才;
- 培養民間團體、自然教育中心、環境學習中心等領域之環境教育專業課程設計、活動企畫經營的專業人才;
- 培養協助企業社會責任、具有環境溝通與推廣能力之人才。
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Item 1991-1995 長聖嬰個案診斷分析(2012) 徐尉傑; Wei chieh Hsu聖嬰現象的周期一般為1-2年,1991-1995年出現長達五年的聖嬰,是過去百年觀測紀錄最長的聖嬰個案。目前雖然已有些研究探討此個案,但此長生命聖嬰現象如何維持?全球暖化或太平洋年代際變化與此個案的關係?目前尚無清楚的答案。本研究主要利用SODA (Simple Ocean Data Assimilation) 2.0.2觀測資料以及濾波方法探討全球暖化與太平洋年代際變化對1991-1995 聖嬰個案的影響,並透過混合層熱量收支了解此長聖嬰個案維持的物理機制。 從海洋垂直結構與大氣環流發現此聖嬰為中太平洋型聖嬰與東太平洋聖嬰兩類型聖嬰的混合,前期(1991-1992)大氣與海洋結構近似東太平洋型聖盛嬰,後期(1993-1995)類似中太平洋型聖嬰。濾波分析顯示太平洋年代際變化對此聖嬰週期的延續具關鍵性影響,但全球暖化線性增溫的影響則不明顯。混合層熱量收支得到太平洋年代際變化主要透過氣候平均垂直運動之垂直溫度平流項與氣候平均緯向運動之南北向溫度平流項延長此聖嬰的周期。Item 2008年晚春到初夏期間台灣周遭海域的二氧化碳交換通量與分佈(2009) 賴星宇; Hsin-Yu Lai本研究主要是探討台灣周遭海域表水二氧化碳的分佈及其海氣交換通量,並進一步瞭解其變化的成因及與水團分佈的關係。研究時間於2008年晚春初夏(5月28日至7月13日)於南海(South China Sea, SCS)、西菲律賓海(West Philippine Sea, WPS)、台灣西部近岸(Western Taiwan Coast, WTC)和東海(East China Sea, ECS)進行二氧化碳分壓(fCO2)的現場立即偵測,利用”二氧化碳分壓自動分析系統”(Automated Underway pCO2 System)來測量海水與大氣中之fCO2;所量測到的大氣fCO2範圍為367.4~402.2 μatm,其高值均發現在較靠近陸地的區域(台灣、中國大陸、呂宋島),高低濃度相差可達35 μatm。表水fCO2範圍:SCS介於352.3~415.6 μatm(389.3±16.5, n=1400)、WPS介於346.9~399.0 μatm(377.6±5.8, n=840)、WTC介於370.5~407.3 μatm(389.2±4.8, n=836)、ECS介於162~707 μatm(378±69, n=1497),以ECS的變化幅度最大,可達545 μatm;在長江和閩江沖淡水舌(Plume)區域發現海水中有著最低、次低的fCO2值(217、162 μatm),且fCO2分佈隨著經度由西向東而增加,與葉綠素a濃度的分佈趨勢相反,因此海水fCO2分佈主要隨浮游生物量的減少而產生梯度漸增的變化。長江與沿岸湧升流溫度低區,發現到海水中之fCO2分別有顯著的高值(707、676 μatm)存在,此區域有極低的透光度(13.9 %),極高的營養鹽(NO2+NO3)及葉綠素a(Chl-a)(32.2 μM、106.7 mg/m3),此海水含較高的fCO2推測可能來自於長江河水和沿岸湧升的底層水。SCS及WPS海域之水團較為穩定,其fCO2變化梯度均是由陸棚向外洋增加,這是由於近岸海水溫度較低且富含營養鹽葉綠素a,使得海水中的fCO2減少;在外洋區域生物作用較低,主要是反應日夜溫差(0.2~0.3℃),因此在SCS和WPS可清楚看出fCO2白日高晚上低(△fCO2 =7.9)。WTC表水fCO2整體變化幅度不大,但大氣fCO2受控於較接近陸源影響而呈現區域性的峰值。在晚春初夏期間,台灣周遭海域對於大氣來說皆是個二氧化碳的源(source),其二氧化碳溢散至大氣之整體交換通量在SCS約為1.74±2.06 mol C/m2/yr、WPS約為0.54±0.59、NWT約為0.29±0.18和ECS約為0.28±4.94。Item Air-sea interaction between Tropical Cyclone and Western Boundary Current(2008-07-11) Wu, C.-R.; Y.-L ChangItem Air-sea interaction between Tropical Cyclone Nari and Kuroshio(American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2008-06-01) Wu, C.-R.; Y.-L. Chang; L.-Y. Oey; C.-W.J. Chang; Y.-C. HsinThe air-sea interaction between tropical cyclone Nari (Sep/6 – 16/2001) and Kuroshio is studied using satellite observations and an ocean model. Nari crossed the Kuroshio several times, which caused variations in typhoon intensity. Nari weakened when it was over the shelf north of Kuroshio where cooling took place due to mixing of the shallow thermocline. The cyclonic circulation penetrated much deeper for the slowly-moving storm, regardless of Nari’s intensity. Near-inertial oscillations are simulated by the model in terms of the vertical displacement of isotherms. The SST cooling caused by upwelling and vertical mixing is effective in cooling the upper ocean several days after the storm had passed. At certain locations, surface chlorophyll-a concentration increases significantly after Nari’s departure. Upwelling and mixing bring nutrient-rich subsurface water to the sea surface, causing enhancement of phytoplankton bloom.Item Air-Sea Interaction between Typhoon Nari and Kuroshio(2007-05-18) Wu, Chau-Ron; Chang, Yu-LinThe air-sea interaction between Tropical Cyclone Nari and Kuroshio was studied using satellite observations and a three-dimensional primitive equation ocean model. With energy and heat supplement from the Kuroshio, Nari was circling around a restricted water and sustained over an extraordinarily long period. The features that Nari strengthened as it passed over the warm Kuroshio, weakening as it met a cold dome were well revealed by TMI/SST. At certain locations along typhoon track, surface cooling of up to 5 degree C was observed after Nari's departure. Model simulation indicated significant positive vorticities and cyclonic current vectors did not occur throughout the trail of Nari. Only regions north of Kuroshio provided a better condition for developing a cyclonic eddy. As a result, the cold SST patch was only visible to the north of the Kuroshio axis. The cyclonic circulation penetrated much deeper for a slowly-moving storm, regardless of the typhoon intensity. Near-inertial frequency oscillations after typhoon departure were simulated by the model in terms of the vertical displacement of isotherms. The SST cooling caused by upwelling and vertical mixing is effective in cooling the upper ocean several days after the storm had passed. At certain locations, surface chlorophyll-a concentration increased significantly after Nari's departure. The combined action of upwelling and mixing in turn brings cold deep-layer, nutrient-rich water to the sea surface, which ignificantly increases the surface chlorophyll-a concentration.Item Bimodal Behavior of the Seasonal Upwelling off the northeastern coast of Taiwan(American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2009-03-01) Chang Y.-L.; C.-R. Wu; L.-Y. OeyObservations over the outer shelf and shelf break off the northeastern coast of Taiwan indicate a curious seasonal variability of upwelling. At deeper levels 100 m below the surface, upwelling is most intense in summer but weaker in winter. Nearer the surface at approximately 30 m below the surface, the opposite is true and the upwelling is stronger in winter than in summer. Results from a high-resolution numerical model together with observations and simple Ekman models are used to explain the phenomenon. It is shown that the upwelling at deeper levels (∼100 m) is primarily induced by offshore (summer) and onshore (winter) migrations of the Kuroshio, while monsoonal change in the wind stress curl, positive in winter and negative in summer, is responsible for the reversal in the seasonal variation of the upwelling near the surface (∼30 m). This mechanism reconciles previous upwelling data.Item Blocking and westward passage of eddies in the Luzon Strait.(ELSEVIER, 2010-10-01) Sheu, W.-J.; C.-R. Wu; L.-Y. OeySatellite observations have shown the abundance of generally westward-propagating eddies in the subtropical regions in the North Pacific Ocean, especially north of 10衹. Eddies transport mass, and can significantly impact the circulation as well as the heat, salt and nutrient balances of the western Pacific marginal seas. This paper uses a numerical model to examine the conditions when eddies can or cannot freely propagate westward through the Luzon Strait into the South China Sea (SCS). Composite analyses on the 10-year model data show that the fates of eddies depend on the strength and path of the Kuroshio. In one path that exists mostly during fall and winter, the Kuroshio loops westward into the SCS, the potential vorticity (PV) across the current is weak, and eddies are likely to propagate freely through the Luzon Strait. In another path, which exists mostly during spring and summer, the Kuroshio tends to leap directly northward bypassing the SCS, the PV across it strengthens, and eddies are then blocked and are constrained to also follow the northward path. Nonlinear eddy-current interaction and the existence of a cyclone north of the Luzon Island during the looping phase explain why eddies of both signs can pass through the strait. It is shown also that the upstream state of the Kuroshio in the western tropical Pacific plays an important role in dictating the different paths of the Kuroshio. The looping (leaping) path is caused by a weakened (stronger) Kuroshio transport related to the northward (southward) shift of the North Equatorial Current in wintertime (summertime).Item Contrasting the evolution between two types of El Ni隳 in a data assimilation model(Springer-Verlag, 2013-05-01) Wu, C.-R.; L.-C. WangSimulation outputs were used to contrast the distinct evolution patterns between two types of El Niño. The modeled isotherm depth anomalies closely matched satellite sea surface height anomalies. Results for the El Niño Modoki (central Pacific El Niño) corresponded well with previous studies which suggested that thermocline variations in the equatorial Pacific contain an east–west oscillation. The eastern Pacific El Niño experienced an additional north–south seesaw oscillation between approximately 15° N and 15° S. The wind stress curl pattern over the west-central Pacific was responsible for the unusual manifestation of the eastern Pacific El Niño. The reason why the 1982/1983 El Niño was followed by a normal state whereas a La Niña phase developed from the 1997/1998 El Niño is also discussed. In 1997/1998, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) retreated faster and easterly trade winds appeared immediately after the mature El Niño, cooling the sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific and generating the La Niña event. The slow retreat of the ITCZ in 1982/1983 terminated the warm event at a much slower rate and ultimately resulted in a normal phase.Item Contrasting the flow patterns in the equatorial Pacific between two types of El Ni隳.(Taylor & Francis: STM, Behavioural Science and Public Health Titles, 2012-11-01) Wang, L.-C.; C.-R. WuOutputs based on the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS) are adopted to contrast the current variations in the equatorial Pacific between two types of El Niño. The model fully resolves the equatorial currents. We found that the central Pacific El Niño (CP-El Niño) corresponds well with previous El Niño studies in that both the eastward Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) and westward South Equatorial Current (SEC) weaken. On the other hand, the eastern Pacific El Niño (EP-El Niño) displays a distinct circulation pattern. The North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) strengthens in the developing phase and persists into the peak of the warm event, whereas the northern branch of the SEC (SECn) also intensifies during the mature phase and lasts for about six months. The South Equatorial Countercurrent (SECC) strengthens during the decaying phase of the EP-El Niño. The shifting of the wind stress curl associated with the thermocline variability is chiefly responsible for the unique current performance of the EP-El Niño. It is worth noting that the air–sea interaction plays an important role in the current variability not only during a CP-El Niño but also during an EP-El Niño. RÉSUMÉ [Traduit par la rédaction] Nous adoptons les sorties basées sur le système GODAS (Global Ocean Data Assimilation System) des NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) pour mettre en évidence les variations de courant dans le Pacifique équatorial entre les deux types d'El Niño. Le modèle représente complètement les courants équatoriaux. Nous trouvons que l'El Niño du centre du Pacifique (CP-El Niño) correspond bien aux études précédentes sur l'El Niño puisque le sous-courant équatorial (EUC) vers l'est et le courant sud-équatorial (SEC) vers l'ouest faiblissent. D'autre part, l'El Niño de l'est du Pacifique (EP- El Niño) affiche une configuration de circulation distincte. Le contre-courant nord-équatorial (NECC) se renforce dans la phase de développement et persiste jusqu'au maximum du réchauffement, tandis que la branche nord du SEC (SECn) s'intensifie aussi durant la phase de maturité et persiste pendant environ six mois. Le contre-courant sud-équatorial se renforce durant la phase de dissipation de l'EP-El Niño. Le changement du rotationnel de la tension du vent lié à la variabilité thermocline est principalement responsable du comportement particulier du courant de l'EP-El Niño. Il est à remarquer que l'interaction air–mer joue un rôle important dans la variabilité du courant, non seulement durant un CP-El Niño mais aussi durant un EP-El Niño.Item Editorial - International Workshop on Modeling the Ocean (IWMO) special issue in Ocean Dynamics(Springer-Verlag, 2010-04-01) Oey, L.-Y.; T. Ezer, Y. Miyazawa; C.-R. WuItem Editorial - International Workshop on Modeling the Ocean (IWMO) special issue part 2 in Ocean Dynamics(Springer-Verlag, 2010-10-01) Oey, L.-Y.; T. Ezer; Y. Miyazawa; C.-R. WuItem Effects of sea level change on the upstream Kuroshio Current through the Okinawa Trough(American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2006-08-01) Kao, S. J.; C.-R. Wu; Y.-C. Hsin; M. DaiSea-level effects on the Kuroshio Current (KC) in the Okinawa Trough (OT) are examined using a 3-D ocean model. When the sea level is −135 m (for the Last Glacial Maximum), topographic high at the southernmost OT partially blocks the KC throughflow, resulting in a 43% reduction of KC inflow. Meanwhile, meandering is enhanced and deepwater ventilation is reduced. However, the KC does not migrate to the east off the OT as suggested previously. When sea level is −40 m (for the beginning of Holocene), the modeled flow pattern resembled present KC in terms of flow path and volume transport. Sea level fluctuation may act as a major control altering the KC course in the OT, leading to significant changes in horizontal and vertical water exchange. It may alter surface water properties, biogeochemistry in both water column and sediments below, potentially, downstream KC and climate over the northeast Asia.Item Enhanced primary production in the oligotrophic South China Sea by eddy injection in spring(American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2010-08-01) Lin, I-I; C.-C. Lien; C.-R. Wu; G. T. F. Wong; C.-W. Huang; T.-L. ChiangIn May 2003, a phytoplankton bloom of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration of 0.3–0.4 mgm−3 was observed at the centre of northern South China Sea (SCS) by NASA's Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View sensor. As this region is remote and known to be oligotrophic in spring (Chl-a concentration typically at ∼0.05–0.08 mgm−3), it is intriguing to explore this unusual happening. Based on six different remote sensing data and numerical modelling, the results suggest that the injection of an ocean eddy is the most likely cause of the bloom. Due to long-range transport of a large (700 × 500 km) anti-cyclonic ocean eddy, coastal nutrients and plankton could be brought across hundreds of kilometres to the centre of northern SCS and impact the biogeochemistry. The open ocean part of the northern SCS basin has long been considered generally free from coastal influences. This work provides new evidence that proves otherwise. Moreover, from the perspective of physical oceanography, it is interesting to observe that, outside the monsoon seasons, there can be well-defined anti-cyclonic ocean circulation existing in the SCS without the prevailing monsoonal wind.Item Field Observations of Changes in SST, Chlorophyll and POC Flux in the Southern East China Sea Before and After the Passage of Typhoon Jangmi.(Chinese Geoscience Union, 2013-10-01) Shih, Y.-Y.; J.-S. Hsieh; G.-C. Gong; C.-C. Hung; W.-C. Chou; M.-A. Lee; K.-S. Chen; M.-H. Chen; C.-R. WuSevere tropical storms play an important role in triggering phytoplankton blooms, yet direct field observation of evidence of the effects of a typhoon is very rare. Sea surface temperature (SST), nitrate concentration, chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration, and particulate organic carbon (POC) flux were measured before and shortly after Typhoon Jangmi which affected the southern East China Sea (SECS) on September 28 ~ 29, 2008. In situ SST (27.5 ~ 28.0°C) on September 19 ~ 21, decreased to ~24.0°C (October 3 ~ 6) in the SECS 4 ~ 7 days after the passage of Typhoon Jangmi. In situ nitrate and chl a concentrations 7-days (on October 6) after the passage of Jangmi were 1.9 μM and 1.61 mg m-3, respectively, much higher than those (nitrate: 0.3 μM and chl a: 0.73 mg m-3) concentrations before the typhoon (September 21). The enhanced chl a concentration is thus caused by a nutrient supply via vertical mixing or upwelling in the euphotic zone. The POC flux 7-days after Jangmi’s passage was 552 ± 28 mg-C m-2 d-1, a ~2.5-fold increases before the typhoon (224 ± 33 mg-C m-2 d-1, on September 21). Our results suggest that typhoons indeed can stimulate efficient POC export out of the euphotic zone, while it is still poorly understood with regard to the total effects of a typhoon on nutrient dynamics and detailed carbon sequestration due to sampling difficulty. Therefore, successional sea-going observations ought to be conducted in the affected area after the passage of typhoons.Item Fine-Resolution Modeling Studies in the Northern South China Sea(2004-05-20) Wu, Chau-Ron; Hsin, Yi-Chia; Jiang, Tzu-LingRecently, there have been many new observations from expeditions and moored instruments in the northern South China Sea (NSCS), which produced several exciting new features not known before. These new findings call for a new generation of models to explore the processes responsible for these features, because most of the existing numerical models can not either resolve them or account for the physics behind them. A fine-resolution, hydrodynamic model of the NSCS area capable of resolving the temporal and spatial scales of corresponding oceanic processes and bringing together the unique oceanographic data sources available in this area is established in this study. The fine-resolution NSCS model is nesting to a North Pacific Ocean model. Description of the circulation is further improved by assimilating the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite altimeter data into the NSCS model. Data assimilation model not only reproduces the seasonal patterns in the earlier studies but also resolves mesoscale highs and lows in the region. The model results are reasonably consistent with the limited observations during previous expeditions. The spatial and temporal variations in the NSCS are discussed as well. Furthermore, satellite remote sensing data and time series data obtained from moored instruments (SEATS) will be also used for comparison with model output.Item Fluctuations of the thermal fronts off northeast Taiwan.(American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2011-10-01) Hsin, Y.-C.; T.-L. Chiang; C.-R. WuA high-resolution sea surface temperature (SST) data derived from several satellites is used to investigate the variability of the thermal front off northeastern Taiwan. Hidden by a dominant annual cycle, the SST data cannot reveal the thermal front fluctuation in the form of Hovm闤ler diagram. An innovative methodology has been applied to the SST satellite imagery to derive the SST Standardized Index (SSTSI), capable of revealing the frontal variability with multiple time scales. Principal component analysis shows that the SSTSI variation consists mainly of two modes. Mode 1 represents a strong annual cycle related to the seasonal reversal of the monsoonal winds. The temperature gradient is enhanced in winter and a cold dome is observed off northern Taiwan in summer. Mode 2 is highly correlated with the upstream Kuroshio variability. The shoreward (seaward) migration of the thermal front takes place when the Kuroshio transport weakens (strengthens). The results are consistent with transports estimated by tidal gauge measurements, satellite altimeter-based sea level anomaly, and surface flow patterns derived from high-frequency radars. Mode 2 is coherent with the Kuroshio transport through the East Taiwan Channel at periods of 120 and 45 d with a time lag of 40 and 11 d, respectively. This 120 d fluctuation is due to the interaction between westward-propagating eddies and the Kuroshio east of Taiwan, while the 45 d signal arises from the Kuroshio's self-instability. The interannual variations of the SST pattern in winter and summer are also discussed.Item The forcing mechanism leading to the Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea(American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2012-07-01) Wu, C.-R.; Y.-C. HsinWe use a high-resolution numerical model to examine the forcing mechanism responsible for Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea (SCS). The collective wisdom is that variations in Kuroshio intrusion are closely related to the wind, inside or outside the SCS. A series of experiments was performed to identify the wind-related forcing regulating the intrusion. The experiments demonstrated that the importance of wind inside the SCS is greater than that outside the SCS. Furthermore, the northwestward Ekman drift due to northeasterly wind in winter intensifies the upstream Kuroshio in the Luzon Strait, enhancing the Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS. In particular, the wind stress curl (WSC) off southwest Taiwan is chiefly responsible for the Kuroshio intrusion. Both the WSC and intrusion show both seasonal and intraseasonal variation. As the negative WSC off southwest Taiwan becomes stronger, it contributes to anticyclonic circulation. The enhanced anticyclonic circulation helps the development of the Kuroshio intrusion. The consistency between WSC variability and the intrusion suggests that the WSC off southwest Taiwan is essential to the Kuroshio intrusion variability.Item The Interaction of Supertyphoon Maemi (2003) With a Warm Ocean Eddy(American Meteorological Society, 2005-09-01) Lin, I-I; C.-C. Wu; K. A. Emanuel; I.-H. Lee; C.-R. Wu; I.-F. PanUnderstanding the interaction of ocean eddies with tropical cyclones is critical for improving the understanding and prediction of the tropical cyclone intensity change. Here an investigation is presented of the interaction between Supertyphoon Maemi, the most intense tropical cyclone in 2003, and a warm ocean eddy in the western North Pacific. In September 2003, Maemi passed directly over a prominent (700 km 500 km) warm ocean eddy when passing over the 22°N eddy-rich zone in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Analyses of satellite altimetry and the best-track data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center show that during the 36 h of the Maemi–eddy encounter, Maemi’s intensity (in 1-min sustained wind) shot up from 41 m s 1 to its peak of 77 m s 1. Maemi subsequently devastated the southern Korean peninsula. Based on results from the Coupled Hurricane Intensity Prediction System and satellite microwave sea surface temperature observations, it is suggested that the warm eddies act as an effective insulator between typhoons and the deeper ocean cold water. The typhoon’s self-induced sea surface temperature cooling is suppressed owing to the presence of the thicker upper-ocean mixed layer in the warm eddy, which prevents the deeper cold water from being entrained into the upper-ocean mixed layer. As simulated using the Coupled Hurricane Intensity Prediction System, the incorporation of the eddy information yields an evident improvement on Maemi’s intensity evolution, with its peak intensity increased by one category and maintained at category-5 strength for a longer period (36 h) of time. Without the presence of the warm ocean eddy, the intensification is less rapid. This study can serve as a starting point in the largely speculative and unexplored field of typhoon–warm ocean eddy interaction in the western North Pacific. Given the abundance of ocean eddies and intense typhoons in the western North Pacific, these results highlight the importance of a systematic and in-depth investigation of the interaction between typhoons and western North Pacific eddies.Item Interannual mode of sea level in the South China Sea and the roles of El Ni隳 and El Ni隳 Modoki(American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2008-02-01) Chang, C.-W. J.; H.-H. Hsu; C.-R. Wu; W.-J. SheuENSO-scale variation of the summer ocean circulation in the South China Sea (SCS) is investigated. The interannual mode of SSH features a north-south dipole pattern that modulates the cold jet off Vietnam. During the summers before and after the El Nin˜o, the mode has opposite signs of extrema. Strengthened circulations couple with the cold SSTAs during the El Nin˜o developing summers; weakened circulations accompany the warm SSTAs during the decaying summers. Heat advection by the basin circulation modulates the SST variation. The impact of the 1997 El Nin˜o on the SCS circulation contrasting that of 1994 and 2002 El Nin˜o Modoki is assessed. With moderate SST warming but further westward shift of the low-level convergence of the atmosphere in the equatorial Pacific, the El Nin˜o Modoki phenomenon enhanced the western North Pacific summer monsoon inside the SCS, driving stronger circulations in both the summers of 1994 and 2002.Item Interannual modulation of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on the low-latitude western North Pacific.(ELSEVIER, 2013-03-01) Wu, C.-R.To investigate the interannual variability in the northwestern Pacific, an empirical mode decomposition (EMD) was applied to 17-year Absolute Dynamic Topography (ADT) data west of Luzon Island, the Philippines. The mean sea surface height in this area is an appropriate index for the Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea (SCS). Significant interannual fluctuations were extracted by the EMD. The interannual variability was strongly correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index, but not the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This indicated the potential impact of the PDO on the circulation in the area. In the warm phase of the PDO (positive index), a southerly anomalous wind off the Philippines causes a northward shift of the North Equatorial Current Bifurcation Latitude (NECBL). This leads to a weakened Kuroshio off Luzon, favoring Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS. The northward migration of the NECBL also results in a weakened Kuroshio off southeast Taiwan and a larger Kuroshio transport off northeast Taiwan. The abundant westward propagating eddies impinging on the Kuroshio in the Subtropical Countercurrent region increases this transport. Although the ENSO has little effect on monsoonal winds during the warm PDO phase, it has a strong impact on the monsoon and meridional migration of the NECBL during the cold phase of the PDO. Therefore, NECBL variations only show a close correspondence with the ENSO during the cold PDO phase. Because the influence of the ENSO is not stationary, the impact of the PDO should be taken into account when examining interannual variability in the low-latitude western North Pacific.